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. 2015 Aug 5;16(8):18185–18223. doi: 10.3390/ijms160818185

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© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Protective effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition and glucagon-like peptide-1 analog supplementation in an animal model of LPS-induced endotoxemia. (A) Survival of animals was recorded and interpreted by Kaplan–Meier curves; (B) Whole blood oxidative burst upon stimulation with the fungal endotoxin zymosan A was measured by chemiluminescence using the luminol analog L-012; (C) iNOS-derived nitric oxide was determined in whole blood by measurement of nitrosyl-iron hemoglobin by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy; (D) Vascular ROS formation was measured in aortic cryo-sections by dehydrothidium (DHE)-dependent oxidative fluorescence microtopography. Data are mean ± SEM of experiments with 19–36 mice (A) or at least three rats per group (B–D). * p < 0.05 vs. Ctr; ^# p < 0.05 vs. LPS. Adapted from [207]. With permission by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Copyright © 2015, Springer.

Protective effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition and glucagon-like peptide-1 analog supplementation in an animal model of LPS-induced endotoxemia. (A) Survival of animals was recorded and interpreted by Kaplan–Meier curves; (B) Whole blood oxidative burst upon stimulation with the fungal endotoxin zymosan A was measured by chemiluminescence using the luminol analog L-012; (C) iNOS-derived nitric oxide was determined in whole blood by measurement of nitrosyl-iron hemoglobin by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy; (D) Vascular ROS formation was measured in aortic cryo-sections by dehydrothidium (DHE)-dependent oxidative fluorescence microtopography. Data are mean ± SEM of experiments with 19–36 mice (A) or at least three rats per group (B–D). * p < 0.05 vs. Ctr; ^# p < 0.05 vs. LPS. Adapted from [207]. With permission by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Copyright © 2015, Springer.