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. 2015 Aug 14;16(8):19195–19224. doi: 10.3390/ijms160819195

Table 1.

Effects of metal stress on phytohormone pathways.

Hormone Effect Plant
Auxin Cu inhibits meristematic cell division by decreasing PIN1 expression [56,57] A. thaliana
Al inhibits root elongation via PIN2 and AUX1 [58]
Cd altered AUX1 and PIN expression; pin2-1 mutant fails to show Cd-induced increase in LR density [59]
Cytokinins Increased cytokinin content in inhibited primary root during Cu stress [56] A. thaliana
Cd induced increased cytokinin content via CKX5 [60,78] A. thaliana
Cd decreased cytokinin content [80] wheat, soybean
Restore Cd-induced inhibition on photosynthesis [79] Chlorella vulgaris
Gibberellins Protect by diminishing Cd induced changes [92,93] A. thaliana
Abscisic acid Reduces Cd translocation by decreasing transpiration [124,125] O. sativa
Initiate phytochelatin production [126,127] Potato
Ethylene Cd upregulates ethylene responsive genes, via ACS2 and ACS6 [146] A. thaliana
Reverse Zn-mediated Inhibition of photosynthesis [149]
Jasmonic acids Elevated JA levels induce accumulation of phytochelatins, glutathione, carotenoids to enhance tolerance to low Cu and Cd [93,123,150] A. thaliana
Brassinosteroids Reduce toxic effects of Cd on phytochemical processes [200,201,202] Brassica napus, Lycopersicon esculentum
Hypersensitivity to Cd [199] A. thaliana
Salicylic acid Improves Cd tolerance by increasing antioxidative enzymes and decreasing H2O2 accumulation [213] Phaseolus aureus, Vicia sativa
Reduces Cd uptake and enhance antioxidative activities [214] Cannabis sativa
Cd stress induced SA accumulation [215,216,217] Pea, maize, A. thaliana