Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) estimated through bivariate and multivariate logistic regression of illness prevalence in Rufiji, Ulanga and Kilombero districts of Tanzania, 2011
| Illness prevalence | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fever | Diarrhea | ARI | Fever | Diarrhea | ARI | |
| Child characteristics | ||||||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | — | — | — |
| Female | 0.91 (0.74-1.11) | 1.00 (0.76-1.30) | 1.09 (0.76-1.55) | — | — | — |
| Child age | ||||||
| 0 - 1 year | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 - 2 years | 1.01 (0.77-1.32) | 0.47 (0.32-0.68)*** | 0.73 (0.45-1.17) | 1.01 (0.76-1.33) | 0.50 (0.34-0.74)** | 0.72 (0.44-1.16) |
| 2 - 5 years | 0.75 (0.61-0.93)* | 0.24 (0.17-0.34)*** | 0.57 (0.39-0.84)** | 0.77 (0.61-0.96)* | 0.26 (0.18-0.37)** | 0.60 (0.41-0.89)* |
| Foster child status | ||||||
| Non-foster child | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | — | — | — |
| Foster child | 1.24 (0.80-1.94) | 0.95 (0.51-1.79) | 1.52 (0.74-3.14) | — | — | — |
| Caregiver characteristics | ||||||
| Caregiver age | ||||||
| 15 - 24 years | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| 25 - 34 years | 0.82 (0.63-1.05) | 0.52 (0.38-0.72)*** | 0.83 (0.54-1.28) | 0.88 (0.66-1.16) | 0.68 (0.48-0.96)* | — |
| ≥35 years | 1.01 (0.78-1.32) | 0.49 (0.34-0.69)*** | 0.88 (0.56-1.40) | 1.06 (0.78-1.46) | 0.74 (0.48-1.14) | — |
| Educational achievement | ||||||
| No education | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Primary | 1.04 (0.82-1.33) | 1.49 (1.06-2.09)* | 1.19 (0.77-1.83) | — | 1.53 (0.99-2.36)^ | — |
| Secondary and plus (a) | 1.21 (0.71-2.10) | 2.31 (0.123-4.35)** | 1.19 (0.48-2.94) | — | 1.97 (0.94-4.12)^ | — |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married (b) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | — | Ref. | Ref. |
| Unmarried | 1.18 (0.90-1.55) | 1.29 (0.92-1.82) | 1.41 (0.90-2.22) | — | 0.93 (0.61-1.40) | 1.11 (0.64-1.91) |
| Religion | ||||||
| Muslim | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Christian | 0.80 (0.64-0.99)* | 0.95 (0.71-1.28) | 0.77 (0.52-1.12) | 0.88 (0.67-1.17) | 0.74 (0.52-1.07) | 0.85 (0.52-1.40) |
| Traditional/Other | 0.66 (0.40-1.10) | 1.51 (0.86-2.63) | 0.84 (0.37-1.92) | 0.72 (0.34-1.51) | 1.83 (0.71-4.71) | 0.77 (0.26-2.26) |
| Ethnic Group | ||||||
| Ndengereko | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Pogoro | 0.74 (0.51-1.07) | 1.40 (0.82-2.40) | 0.81 (0.43-1.52) | 1.07 (0.63-1.81) | 1.49 (0.67-3.31) | 1.42 (0.61-3.32) |
| Sukuma | 0.68 (0.45-1.03)^ | 1.64 (0.94-2.85)^ | 0.79 (0.40-1.54) | 1.26 (0.62-2.55) | 1.29 (0.48-3.44) | 1.52 (0.53-4.37) |
| Ngindo | 0.76 (0.52-1.10) | 1.55 (0.92-2.63)^ | 0.57 (0.29-1.12) | 0.95 (0.57-1.58) | 1.40 (0.66-3.00) | 0.87 (0.37-2.00) |
| Other | 0.81 (0.61-1.07) | 1.48 (0.96-2.28)^ | 0.72 (0.44-1.18) | 1.19 (0.77-1.82) | 1.55 (0.79-3.06) | 1.26 (0.62-2.56) |
| Relationship to head of household | ||||||
| Head of household/Wife | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Daughter/Daughter in law | 1.19 (0.94-1.51) | 1.88 (1.37-2.57)*** | 1.38 (0.91-2.09) | 1.13 (0.85-1.50) | 1.23 (0.80-1.88) | 1.16 (0.71-1.89) |
| Other | 0.80 (0.55-1.15) | 1.70 (1.10-2.64)*** | 1.58 (0.90-2.77) | 0.77 (0.52-1.14) | 1.31 (0.78-2.19) | 1.45 (0.81-2.61) |
| Number of children under age 5 in household | ||||||
| One child under 5 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| More than one child under 5 | 0.64 (0.51-0.81)*** | 0.71 (0.52-0.96)* | 0.63 (0.41-0.97)* | 0.64 (0.50-0.82)*** | 0.78 (0.56-1.08) | 0.61 (0.40-0.95)* |
| Wealth Index | ||||||
| Poorest | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 2nd Quintiles | 0.62 (0.46-0.83)** | 0.59 (0.39-0.90)* | 0.56 (0.33-0.96)* | 0.66 (0.48-0.89)** | 0.58 (0.37-0.92)* | 0.65 (0.37-1.13) |
| 3rd Quintiles | 0.65 (0.46-0.91)* | 0.85 (0.55-1.32) | 0.43** (0.23-0.80) | 0.68 (0.46-0.99)* | 0.76 (0.47-1.23) | 0.48 (0.24-0.98)* |
| 4th Quintiles | 0.74 (0.52-1.05)^ | 1.15 (0.72-1.83) | 0.84 (0.48-1.47) | 0.75 (0.52-1.10) | 0.90 (0.53-1.53) | 0.97 (0.53-1.76) |
| Wealthiest | 0.66 (0.45-0.95)* | 0.95 (0.59-1.54) | 0.77 (0.43-1.40) | 0.65 (0.43-0.99)* | 0.73 (0.41-1.33) | 0.86 (0.45-1.66) |
| NR | 0.56 (0.36-0.88)* | 0.81 (0.47-1.41) | 0.80 (0.40-1.62) | 0.66 (0.41-1.07)^ | 0.66 (0.35-1.27) | 0.94 (0.42-2.12) |
| District | ||||||
| Rufiji | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Kilombero | 0.69** (0.54-0.88) | 1.34 (0.95-1.89)^ | 0.59 (0.39-0.89)* | 0.80 (0.53-1.20) | 1.91 (0.64-2.21) | 0.58 (0.31-1.12) |
| Ulanga | 0.68 (0.49-0.93)* | 1.25 (0.79-1.97) | 0.68 (0.39-1.20) | 0.84 (0.52-1.41) | 1.02 (0.51-2.06) | 0.74 (0.33-1.68) |
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Rural | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | — | — | — |
| Urban/semi-urban | 0.93 (0.70-1.23) | 0.84 (0.57-1.25) | 1.08 (0.68-1.71) | — | — | — |
| Nearest health facility characteristics | ||||||
| Ownership | ||||||
| Government | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | — | |
| Private | 1.27 (1.02-1.57)* | 1.12 (0.85-1.49) | 1.23 (0.85-1.7) | 1.28 (1.03-1.59)* | — | — |
| Type | ||||||
| Dispensary | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | — | Ref. | — |
| Health center/Hospital | 0.90 (0.70-1.15) | 1.26 (0.92-1.72) | 0.96 (0.63-1.45) | — | 1.18 (0.80-1.72) | — |
| Distance to household | ||||||
| <1 km | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | — | Ref. | |
| 1-1.99 km | 1.01 (0.75-1.37) | 0.84 (0.57-1.23) | 0.95 (0.57-1.60) | — | 0.75 (0.49-1.13) | — |
| 2-3.99 km | 1.06 (0.80-1.43) | 0.51 (0.34-0.78)** | 0.99 (0.60-1.66) | — | 0.51 (0.32-0.80)** | — |
| > = 4 km | 1.04 (0.78-1.39) | 1.06 (0.73-1.52) | 1.08 (0.66-1.78) | — | 1.16 (0.75-1.81) | — |
Variables significant at 20 % in bivariate analysis were included in multivariate analysis
ARI = Acute respiratory infection (cough accompanied with difficulty of breathing)
(a) Defined as ordinary or advanced secondary school
(b) Defined as married or living with a partner as if married
(c) Models with interaction terms did not show a significant association between maternal education attainment and maternal age, household wealth or distance to nearest health facility.
***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.5