Table 4.
Adjusted relative risk ratios (RRR) and 95 % confidence intervals estimated through multivariate multinomial logistic regression of health-seeking behavior by child and caregiver characteristics in Rufiji, Ulanga and Kilombero districts of Tanzania, 2011
| Care seeking for illness | Fever (n = 514) | Diarrhea (n = 250) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level of treatment received | No care received vs. Facility care | Home care vs. Facility care | No care received vs Facility care | Home care vs. Facility care |
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Child age | ||||
| 0 ≤ 1 year | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 - 2 years | 0.63 (0.23-1.70) | 0.78 (0.21-2.85) | 0.81 (0.27-2.47) | 1.14 (0.45-2.86) |
| 2 - 5 years | 0.74 (0.35-1.57) | 1.14 (0.50-2.61) | 3.47 (1.19-10.17)* | 2.02 (0.75-5.42) |
| Caregiver characteristics | ||||
| Caregiver age | ||||
| 15 - 24 years | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 25 - 34 years | 0.56 (0.19-1.62) | 0.80 (0.24-2.65) | 0.52 (0.19-1.41) | 0.52 (0.19-1.47) |
| ≥35 years | 2.49 (1.00-6.25)* | 1.40 (0.49-4.01) | 0.40 (0.14-1.19) | 0.67 (0.26-1.71) |
| Educational achievement | ||||
| No education | — | — | Ref. | Ref. |
| Primary | — | — | 0.28 (0.10-0.79)* | 0.54 (0.21-1.37) |
| Secondary and plus (a) | — | — | 0.29 (0.05-1.92) | 1.09 (0.23-5.21) |
| Religion | ||||
| Muslim | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Christian | 0.62 (0.27-1.42) | 0.73 (0.21-2.61) | 2.70 (1.11-6.59)* | 2.50 (1.11-5.65)* |
| Traditional/Other | 1.24 (0.24-6.37) | 0.97 (0.12-7.89) | 0.07 (0.01-0.63)* | 0.63 (0.10-3.99) |
| Ethnic Group | ||||
| Ndengereko | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Pogoro | 1.37 (0.15-12.33) | 3.54 (0.51-24.75) | 0.77 (0.17-3.42) | 1.05 (0.23-4.66) |
| Sukuma | 2.03 (0.19-22.69) | 6.79 (0.83-55.63)^ | 1.19 (0.21-6.78) | 1.44 (0.22-9.56) |
| Ngindo | 1.09 (0.15-8.13) | 1.66 (0.29-9.48) | 0.54 (0.11-2.52) | 0.49 (0.11-2.24) |
| Other | 1.23 (0.16-9.11) | 1.08 (0.21-5.65) | 0.25 (0.06-1.00)* | 0.33^ (0.09-1.22) |
| Relationship to head of household | ||||
| Head of household/Wife | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Daughter/Daughter in law | 2.13 (0.89-5.07)^ | 1.13 (0.44-2.89) | 1.40 (0.58-3.45) | 1.00 (0.44-2.29) |
| Other | 3.07 (1.01-9.36)* | 0.40 (0.09-1.90) | 1.11 (0.30-4.14) | 1.82 (0.59-5.60) |
| Number of children under age 5 in household | ||||
| One child under 5 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| More than one child under 5 | 2.27 (1.09-4.75)* | 2.14 (0.76-6.03) | 0.85 (0.31-2.34) | 1.72 (0.76-3.87) |
| Wealth Index | ||||
| Poorest | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 2nd Quintiles | 0.62 (0.22-1.69) | 0.71 (0.21-2.41) | — | — |
| 3rd Quintiles | 0.25 (0.06-1.00)* | 0.53 (0.07-3.88) | — | — |
| 4th Quintiles | 0.43 (0.10-1.73) | 0.88 (0.14-5.45) | — | — |
| 5th Quintiles | 0.22 (0.04-1.17)^ | 0.62 (0.08-4.91) | — | — |
| NR | 0.97 (0.33-2.87) | 0.27 (0.03-2.92) | — | — |
| District | ||||
| Rufiji | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Kilombero | 6.95 (1.00-48.41)* | 1.15 (0.15-8.83) | — | — |
| Ulanga | 2.19 (0.26-18.70) | 0.43 (0.06-2.91) | — | — |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Rural | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Urban/semi-urban | 0.75 (0.23-2.50) | 2.34 (0.73-7.54) | 3.01 (1.00-9.20)* | 2.52 (0.85-7.45)^ |
| Nearest health facility characteristics | ||||
| Distance to household | ||||
| <1 km | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1-1.99 km | 0.54 (0.19-1.50) | 0.64 (0.15-2.73) | 3.50 (1.13-10.81)* | 2.89 (1.04-8.02)* |
| 2-3.99 km | 0.92 (0.35-2.42) | 0.81 (0.21-3.19) | 2.20 (0.66-7.32) | 1.39 (0.48-4.04) |
| > = 4 km | 0.47 (0.16-1.34) | 2.10 (0.55-8.01) | 1.05 (0.38-2.91) | 0.63 (0.26-1.55) |
***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.5; ^P < 0.10
Variables significant at 20 % in bivariate analysis were included in multivariate analysis
(a) Defined as ordinary or advanced secondary school
(b) Defined as married or living with a partner as if married
(c) Models with interaction terms did not show a significant association between maternal education attainment and maternal age, household wealth or distance to nearest health facility.