Table 4.
Odds ratios [OR (95 % confidence intervals)] of HCC risk by serum metabolites
| Crudea | Multivariableb | Multivariable + liver function scorec | Multivariable for non-hepatitis infected casesd | Crude <2 years follow-upe | Crude ≥2 years follow-upf | Multivariable ≥2 years follow-upg | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 114 cases | 114 cases | 114 cases | 77 cases | 22 cases | 92 cases | 92 cases | |
| N-acetyl glycoproteins | 0.47 (0.36–0.62)*** | 0.46 (0.32–0.67)*** | 0.76 (0.49–1.17) | 0.74 (0.49–1.14) | 0.64 (0.39–1.05) | 0.43 (0.31–0.60)*** | 0.35 (0.21–0.59)*** |
| Glutamate | 2.37 (1.64–3.41)*** | 2.44 (1.54–3.87)*** | 1.46 (0.80–2.63) | 2.06 (1.18–3.61)* | 4.87 (1.26–18.82)* | 2.05 (1.43–2.94)*** | 2.13 (1.30–3.49)** |
| Tyrosine | 2.00 (1.51–2.65)*** | 2.46 (1.65–3.66)*** | 1.58 (0.98–2.56) | 1.42 (0.83–2.43) | 3.90 (1.50–10.14)** | 1.83 (1.36–2.47)*** | 2.23 (1.41–3.54)*** |
| Choline | 0.37 (0.27–0.51)*** | 0.45 (0.31–0.65)*** | 0.83 (0.52–1.32) | 0.68 (0.42–1.12) | 0.30 (0.13–0.66)** | 0.39 (0.27–0.56)*** | 0.45 (0.29–0.71)*** |
| Phenylalanine | 1.83 (1.37–2.44)*** | 2.07 (1.40–3.06)*** | 1.75 (1.04–2.94)* | 1.59 (0.94–2.67) | 3.59 (1.29–10)* | 1.62 (1.20–2.19)** | 1.64 (1.07–2.54)* |
| Leucine | 0.54 (0.41–0.71)*** | 0.60 (0.43–0.85)** | 0.67 (0.43–1.05) | 0.68 (0.43–1.09) | 0.80 (0.48–1.33) | 0.47 (0.34–0.66)*** | 0.51 (0.33–0.80)** |
| Unsaturated lipids | 0.29 (0.18–0.46)*** | 0.36 (0.21–0.63)*** | 0.77 (0.41–1.44) | 0.59 (0.29–1.23) | 0.16 (0.04–0.60)** | 0.33 (0.20–0.53)*** | 0.46 (0.24–0.84)* |
| Isoleucine | 0.64 (0.49–0.83)*** | 0.72 (0.53–0.98)* | 0.84 (0.56–1.26) | 0.76 (0.50–1.15) | 0.84 (0.50–1.42) | 0.59 (0.44–0.80)*** | 0.66 (0.45–0.96)* |
| VLDL | 0.58 (0.45–0.76)*** | 0.52 (0.36–0.74)*** | 0.77 (0.51–1.15) | 0.74 (0.45–1.20) | 0.30 (0.12–0.72)** | 0.64 (0.49–0.85)** | 0.58 (0.39–0.87)** |
| Propylene glycol | 3.07 (1.58–5.97)*** | 2.20 (1.06–4.60)* | 1.00 (0.59–1.69) | 1.27 (0.73–2.21) | 727.9 (1.56–340468)* | 2.11 (1.24–3.58)** | 1.46 (0.83–2.55) |
| Ethanolh | 1.76 (1.13–2.74)* | 1.46 (0.97–2.21) | 1.02 (0.69–1.51) | 1.10 (0.74–1.65) | 126.1 (1.3–12227)* | 1.66 (1.09–2.53)* | 1.40 (0.95–2.08) |
| Glutamine | 0.66 (0.51–0.84)** | 0.75 (0.54–1.03) | 0.96 (0.64–1.44) | 0.56 (0.34–0.92)* | 0.60 (0.30–1.15) | 0.67 (0.51–0.88)** | 0.74 (0.51–1.07) |
| Glucose | 1.53 (1.18–1.99)** | 1.67 (1.19–2.35)** | 1.28 (0.86–1.92) | 1.24 (0.80–1.92) | 1.95 (0.98–3.88) | 1.47 (1.10–1.96)** | 1.77 (1.16–2.69)** |
| Valine | 0.69 (0.54–0.88)** | 0.82 (0.61–1.11) | 0.90 (0.61–1.34) | 0.78 (0.51–1.18) | 0.75 (0.44–1.27) | 0.68 (0.52–0.89)** | 0.79 (0.55–1.13) |
| Acetate | 1.40 (1.08–1.82)* | 1.20 (0.90–1.60) | 0.92 (0.58–1.46) | 1.01 (0.63–1.61) | 3.04 (0.45–20.69) | 1.32 (1.01–1.75)* | 1.12 (0.76–1.63) |
| Citrate | 1.36 (1.06–1.76)* | 1.76 (1.22–2.54)** | 1.88 (1.14–3.11)* | 1.15 (0.65–2.01) | 2.19 (1.10–4.35)* | 1.22 (0.93–1.61) | 1.37 (0.91–2.06) |
*P value <0.05; **P value <0.01; ***P value <0.001
aModel 1, Crude OR based on logistic regression conditioned on matching factors (sex, age, date and time of blood collection, fasting status, and menopausal status and use of hormones)
bModel 2, OR based on multivariable CLR adjusted for smoking status, ethanol at recruitment, lifetime alcohol, educational status, physical activity, body mass index, serum-clot contact time, and waist circumference
cModel 3, as in model 2 and additionally adjusted for liver function score
dModel 4, as model 2 but obtained on HCC cases free of HBV/HCV infection and their matched controls (n = 224)
eModel 5, Crude OR obtained on HCC cases diagnosed <2 years after blood collection and their matched controls
fModel 6, Crude OR obtained on HCC cases diagnosed ≥2 years after blood collection and their matched controls
gModel 7, as in model 2 but obtained on HCC cases diagnosed ≥2 years after blood collection and their matched controls
hOR of ethanol from multivariable CLR model are obtained after adjustment for variables as mentioned for model 2 expect for lifetime alcohol