Table 3.
Nutritional Intake and Dietary Additives.
| Poor Nippling (n = 8) | Poor Nippling Plus Hyperbilirubinemia (n = 21) | Poor Nippling Plus Early Respiratory Disease (n = 26) | Respiratory Disease (n = 27) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Days on TPN | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 3.0 ± 2.4 | 3.5 ± 1.8 | 15.0 ± 13.5 | <.001a |
| Days until oral/enteral feeds | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 8.2 ± 12.5 | <.001a |
| Additives received during NICU stay | .280b | ||||
| None | 3 (37.5%) | 10 (47.6%) | 14 (53.8%) | 12 (44.4%) | |
| ECP | 3 (37.5%) | 2 (9.5%) | 5 (19.2%) | 6 (22.2%) | |
| HMF | 1 (12.5%) | 1 (4.8%) | 1 (3.8%) | 1 (3.7%) | |
| ECP & Prosobee lipil with Fe | 1 (12.5%) | ||||
| HMF & ECP | 2 (9.5%) | 3 (11.5%) | 4 (14.8%) | ||
| HMF, ECP, & LHMF | 3 (14.3%) | 2 (7.7%) | 1 (3.7%) | ||
| HMF & LHMF | 3 (14.3%) | ||||
| HMF & Bene protein | 1 (3.8%) | ||||
| HMF, ECP, MCT oil and pregestemil | 1 (3.7%) | ||||
| Pregestemil | 1 (3.7%) | ||||
| ECP & Enfamil AR | 1 (3.7%) | ||||
| Additives received during study period | .277b | ||||
| None | 6 (75.0%) | 16 (76.2%) | 24 (92.3%) | 27 (100.0%) | |
| ECP | 1 (12.5%) | 1 (4.8%) | 2 (7.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| HMF | 1 (12.5%) | 1 (4.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| LHMF | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (4.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| HMF & ECP | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (4.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| LHMF & HMF | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (4.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Day 3 nutritional intake, n (%) | <.001a | ||||
| TPN | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (3.8%) | 21 (77.8%) | |
| Formula (F) | 1 (12.5%) | 3 (14.3%) | 2 (7.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Breast milk (BM) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (9.5%) | 1 (3.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| BM/F | 4 (50.0%) | 3 (14.3%) | 4 (15.4%) | 1 (3.7%) | |
| TPN/F | 3 (37.5%) | 2 (9.5%) | 11 (42.3%) | 3 (11.1%) | |
| TPN/BM | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (33.3%) | 4 (42.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| TPN/BM/F | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (10.9%) | 3 (11.5%) | 2 (7.4%) | |
| Day 4 nutritional intake, n (%) | <.001b | ||||
| TPN | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 14 (51.9%) | |
| Formula (F) | 2 (25.0%) | 3 (14.3%) | 5 (19.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Breast milk (BM) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (23.8%) | 2 (7.7%) | 1 (3.7%) | |
| BM/F | 3 (37.5%) | 5 (23.8%) | 6 (23.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| TPN/F | 1 (12.5%) | 1 (4.8%) | 3 (11.5%) | 3 (11.1%) | |
| TPN/BM | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (9.5%) | 5 (19.2%) | 3 (11.1%) | |
| TPN/BM/F | 2 (25.0%) | 5 (23.8%) | 5 (19.2%) | 6 (22.2%) | |
| Day 5 Nutritional Intake, n (%) | <.001b | ||||
| TPN | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 13 (48.1%) | |
| Formula (F) | 1 (12.5%) | 3 (14.3%) | 5 (19.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Breast milk (BM) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (28.6%) | 4 (15.4%) | 1 (3.7%) | |
| BM/F | 7 (87.5%) | 6 (28.6%) | 11 (42.3%) | 1 (3.7%) | |
| TPN/F | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (4.8%) | 2 (7.7%) | 3 (11.1%) | |
| TPN/BM | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (19.0%) | 2 (7.7%) | 3 (11.1%) | |
| TPN/BM/F | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (4.8%) | 2 (7.7%) | 6 (22.2%) | |
| Day 6 nutritional intake, n (%) | <.001b | ||||
| TPN | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 11 (40.7%) | |
| Formula (F) | 1 (12.5%) | 2 (9.5%) | 7 (26.9%) | 1 (3.7%) | |
| Breast milk (BM) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (38.1%) | 6 (23.1%) | 1 (3.7%) | |
| BM/F | 7 (87.5%) | 8 (38.1%) | 9 (34.6%) | 1 (3.7%) | |
| TPN/F | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (4.8%) | 1 (3.8%) | 2 (7.4%) | |
| TPN/BM | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (4.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (22.2%) | |
| TPN/BM/F | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (4.8%) | 3 (11.5%) | 5 (18.5%) | |
Abbreviations: ECP, Enfacare powder; HMF, human milk fortifier; LHMF, liquid human milk fortifier; MCT oil, medium-chain triglyceride oil; EMAR, Enfamil AR; TPN, total parenteral nutrition; F, formula; BM, breast milk.
a
Significantly different from Respiratory Disease; one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction.
b
Chi-square test.