Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients enrolled.
| Standard care | Educational program | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 60 | 60 | — |
| Gender (women, %) | 28 (46.7) | 20 (33.3) | 0.14 |
| Age (years) | 69.4 ± 11.3 | 72.0 ± 8.9 | 0.11 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 15.9 ± 11.2 | 14.2 ± 12.4 | 0.48 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 30.0 ± 5.6 | 29.4 ± 4.7 | 0.61 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 106.4 ± 13.9 | 104.2 ± 11.1 | 0.51 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.3 ± 1.4 | 7.4 ± 1.3 | 0.86 |
| Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 139 ± 19 | 136 ± 17 | 0.41 |
| Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 75 ± 10 | 79 ± 16 | 0.24 |
| Smokers/ex-smokers (%) | 20 (33.3) | 21 (35) | 0.59 |
| Charlson's comorbidity score | 2.9 ± 2.8 | 3.0 ± 2.7 | 0.87 |
| PIN questionnaire score | 20 [16; 22] | 19 [16; 20] | 0.65 |
| Medical history (%) | |||
| Peripheral artery disease | 10 (16.7) | 5 (8.3) | 0.17 |
| Neuropathy | 48 (80.0) | 50 (83.3) | 0.89 |
| Previous ulcers | 6 (9.9) | 7 (11.7) | 0.49 |
| Foot abnormalities∗ | 6 (9.9) | 3 (4.9) | 0.37 |
| Retinopathy | 4 (6.7) | 10 (16.7) | 0.088 |
| Chronic renal failure‡ | 6 (10.0) | 7 (11.7) | 0.77 |
| Cardiac disease† | 18 (30.0) | 18 (30.0) | >0.99 |
| Chronic heart failure | 6 (10.0) | 5 (8.3) | 0.75 |
| Cerebrovascular disease†† | 6 (10.0) | 4 (6.7) | 0.51 |
| Nonmetastatic malignancies | 4 (6.7) | 5 (8.3) | 0.73 |
| Treatment (%) | |||
| Insulin | 12 (20.0) | 17 (28.3) | 0.29 |
| Antihypertensive | 46 (76.7) | 50 (83.3) | 0.71 |
| Statin | 28 (46.7) | 25 (41.7) | 0.67 |
| Antiaggregant/coagulant | 50 (83.3) | 52 (86.7) | 0.78 |
∗In absence of neuropathy; data are expressed as number (%) and mean ± SD; †previous myocardial infarction and/or angina pectoris; ††previous stroke or transient ischemic attack; ‡creatinine >1.2 mg/dL.