Table 1.
Baseline Demographic, Clinical, and Inflammatory Biomarker Characteristics for N=155 Evaluable Subjects with All Five Inflammatory Biomarkers at Baseline
| Demographic Characteristics | |||
| Study Site | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | N (%) | 94 (60.6) |
| Massachusetts General Hosp. | N (%) | 61 (39.4) | |
| Age in Years (N=148) | Mean (sd) [Range] | 46.1 (12.6) [21 – 73] | |
| Sex | Female | N (%) | 91 (58.7) |
| Male | N (%) | 64 (41.3) | |
| Race | Caucasian | N (%) | 104 (67.1) |
| African American | N (%) | 29 (18.7) | |
| Other | N (%) | 13 (8.4) | |
| Prefer Not to Say | N (%) | 9 (5.8) | |
| Ethnicity (N=149) | Hispanic | N (%) | 23 (15.4) |
| Non-Hispanic | N (%) | 126 (84.6) | |
| Education (N=148) | High School or Less | N (%) | 39 (26.4) |
| Some College or More | N (%) | 109 (73.6) | |
| Marital Status (N=139) | Married or Living Together | N (%) | 27 (19.4) |
| Separated/Widowed/Divorced | N (%) | 47 (33.8) | |
| Never Married | N (%) | 65 (46.8) | |
| Employment Status (N=148) | Employed | N (%) | 72 (48.6) |
| Homemaker | N (%) | 8 (5.4) | |
| Student | N (%) | 9 (6.1) | |
| Other | N (%) | 59 (39.9) | |
|
| |||
| Clinical Characteristics | |||
| Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 17-Item (HAM-D17) | Mean (sd) [Range] | 19.3 (3.1) [15 – 30] | |
| Comorbid Anxiety Disorder (N=148) | Current | N (%) | 40 (27.0) |
| Lifetime | N (%) | 47 (31.8) | |
| Body Mass Index (BMI)1 (N=144) | Underweight | N (%) | 6 (4.2) |
| Normal Weight | N (%) | 45 (31.2) | |
| Overweight | N (%) | 45 (31.2) | |
| Obese | N (%) | 48 (33.3) | |
| Distribution per Inflammatory Biomarker | Group | Median | Q1 – Q3 | [Range] | High Inflammation Definition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hs-CRP (mg/l) | Total | 1.3 | 0.4 – 2.9 | [0.1 – 28.2] | >3.02 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | Total | 1.3 | 0.8 – 2.0 | [0.4 – 9.7] | >1.923 |
| IL-1ra (pg/ml) | Total | 381.8 | 239.9 – 570.2 | [100.5 – 2599.0] | >5003 |
| Leptin4 (mg/l) | Female | 150.0 | 58.0 – 336.0 | [11.0 – 1187.0] | ≥2503 |
| Male | 37.0 | 20.5 – 72.5 | [2.0 – 229.0] | ≥703 | |
| Adiponectin4,5 (mg/l) | Female | 97.0 | 62.0 – 138.0 | [0.04 – 319.0] | <803 |
| Male | 59.0 | 32.5 – 93.0 | [0.04 – 220.0] | <603 |
| High Inflammation Status per Inflammatory Biomarker | Group | High Inflammation Rates by BMI Category1 | All Subjects6 N / N (%) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underweight or Normal Weight N / N (%) |
Overweight N / N (%) |
Obese N / N (%) |
|||
| hs-CRP | Total | 6/51 (11.8) | 6/45 (13.3) | 23/48 (47.9) | 37/155 (23.9) |
| Female | 4/39 (10.3) | 3/18 (16.7) | 17/29 (58.6) | 25/91 (27.5) | |
| Male | 2/12 (16.7) | 3/27 (11.1) | 6/19 (31.6) | 12/64 (18.8) | |
| IL-6 | Total | 4/51 (7.8) | 7/45 (15.6) | 26/48 (54.2) | 39/155 (25.2) |
| Female | 3/39 (7.7) | 2/18 (11.1) | 21/29 (72.4) | 27/91 (29.7) | |
| Male | 1/12 (8.3) | 5/27 (18.5) | 5/19 (26.3) | 12/64 (18.8) | |
| IL-1ra | Total | 10/51 (19.6) | 10/45 (22.2) | 23/48 (47.9) | 47/155 (30.3) |
| Female | 4/39 (10.3) | 4/18 (22.2) | 17/29 (58.6) | 27/91 (29.7) | |
| Male | 6/12 (50.0) | 6/27 (22.2) | 6/19 (31.6) | 20/64 (31.2) | |
| Leptin | Total | 1/51 (2.0) | 7/45 (15.6) | 35/48 (72.9) | 46/155 (29.7) |
| Female | 1/39 (2.6) | 3/18 (16.7) | 23/29 (79.3) | 30/91 (33.3) | |
| Male | 0/12 (0.0) | 4/27 (14.8) | 12/19 (63.2) | 16/64 (25.0) | |
| Adiponectin | Total | 11/51 (21.6) | 20/45 (44.4) | 33/48 (68.8) | 67/155 (43.2) |
| Female | 7/39 (18.0) | 7/18 (38.9) | 19/29 (65.5) | 35/91 (38.5) | |
| Male | 4/12 (33.3) | 13/27 (48.2) | 14/19 (73.7) | 32/64 (50.0) | |
| Number of Biomarkers with High Inflammation | Group | High Inflammation Rates by BMI Category1 | All Subjects6 N / N (%) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underweight or Normal Weight N / N (%) |
Overweight N / N (%) |
Obese N / N (%) |
|||
| 4 or 5 | Total | 0/51 (0.0) | 2/45 (4.4) | 18/48 (37.5) | 21/155 (13.5) |
| Female | 0/39 (0.0) | 0/18 (0.0) | 14/29 (48.3) | 15/91 (16.5) | |
| Male | 0/12 (0.0) | 2/27 (7.4) | 4/19 (21.0) | 6/64 (9.4) | |
| 2 or 3 | Total | 6/51 (11.8) | 9/45 (20.0) | 21/48 (43.8) | 38/155 (24.5) |
| Female | 3/39 (7.7) | 5/18 (27.8) | 11/29 (37.9) | 20/91 (22.0) | |
| Male | 3/12 (25.0) | 4/27 (14.8) | 10/19 (52.6) | 18/64 (28.1) | |
| 1 | Total | 18/51 (35.3) | 22/45 (48.9) | 5/48 (10.4) | 50/155 (32.3) |
| Female | 12/39 (30.8) | 8/18 (44.4) | 2/29 (6.9) | 24/91 (26.4) | |
| Male | 6/12 (50.0) | 14/27 (51.8) | 3/19 (15.8) | 26/64 (40.6) | |
| Any of the Above (1 or More) | Total | 24/51 (47.1) | 33/45 (73.3) | 44/48 (91.7) | 109/155 (70.3) |
| Female | 15/39 (38.5) | 13/18 (72.2) | 27/29 (93.1) | 59/91 (64.8) | |
| Male | 9/12 (75.0) | 20/27 (74.1) | 17/19 (89.5) | 50/64 (78.1) | |
| None | Total | 27/51 (52.9) | 12/45 (26.7) | 4/48 (8.3) | 46/155 (29.7) |
| Female | 24/39 (61.5) | 5/18 (27.8) | 2/29 (6.9) | 32/91 (35.2) | |
| Male | 3/12 (25.0) | 7/27 (25.9) | 2/19 (10.5) | 14/64 (21.9) | |
BMI was calculated as (pounds × 703.06942) / inches2. Resulting BMI <18.50 = underweight; 18.50 to <25.00 = normal weight; 25.00 to <30.00 = overweight; and ≥30 = obese. Due to the small number of underweight subjects (N=6), this group was combined with the normal weight BMI category for analyses. Height and weight data are missing for N=11 subjects (5 females and 6 males).
High inflammation status for hs-CRP was based on conventionally defined level (32).
High inflammation cut-points for biomarkers other than hs-CRP were based on inflection points in stem-and-leaf plots, such that ‘high’ inflammation included the skewed end of the distribution of values.
Levels of leptin and adiponectin vary greatly by sex, so distribution data are shown separately for females and males, and thresholds for defining high inflammation were determined separately by sex.
Low values on adiponectin indicate high inflammation.
All N=155 subjects with all 5 inflammatory biomarkers present at baseline, including 11 subjects missing BMI.