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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Jul 2;155:267–274. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.031

Table 1.

Sex differences in the time trend of risk preference from 1976–2011

Year Slope among males (β), standard error, p-value Slope among females (β), standard error, p-value Constraint test*
1980–1983 vs. 1976–1979 −0.01, 0.04, 0.86 −0.09, 0.04, 0.04 Δχ2(1) = .1.9, p = .17
1984–1987 vs. 1980–1983 0.24, 0.04, <0.01 0.43, 0.04, <0.01 Δχ2(1) = 11.4, p < .01
1988–1991 vs. 1984–1987 0.11, 0.04, <0.01 0.07, 0.04, 0.08 Δχ2(1) = .51, p = .47
1992–1995 vs. 1988–1991 0.20, 0.04, <0.01 0.17, 0.05, <0.01 Δχ2(1) = .27, p = .60
1996–1999 vs. 1992–1995 −0.07 (0.05), 0.16 −0.02, 0.05, 0.74 Δχ2(1) = .71, p = .40
2000–2003 vs. 1996–1999 0.03 (0.05), 0.59 0.08 (0.05), 0.11 Δχ2(1) = .58, p = .48
2004–2007 vs. 2000–2003 0.05 (0.05), 0.25 0.05 (0.05), 0.34 Δχ2(1) = .00, p = .95
2008–2011 vs. 2004–2007 −0.09 (0.05), 0.05 0.13 (0.05), <0.01 Δχ2(1) = 13.2, p < .01
*

Constraint test is a chi-square difference test comparing a model in which slopes are free to vary to a model in which the slopes are constrained to be equal. A significant test indicates that the model in which the slopes are constrained to be equal provides a worse fit to the data than a model in which the slopes are free to vary.