Table 2.
Sample characteristics (N=75)
| Variable | Control Group (n = 36) |
PO Group (n = 39) |
|---|---|---|
| Age, M (SD) | 33.58 (12.41) | 34.59 (12.55) |
| Gender, % Male | 50.0 | 51.3 |
| Education, % Some College | 97.2 | 69.2 |
| Employment | ||
| % Employed Full Time | 83.3 | 23.1 |
| % Unemployed | 8.3 | 59.0 |
| Race | ||
| % Caucasian | 80.6 | 82.1 |
| % African-American | 11.1 | 5.1 |
| % Other | 8.3 | 12.8 |
| Relationship Status | ||
| % Married | 41.7 | 10.3 |
| % Single, Never Married | 44.4 | 59.0 |
| % Divorced, Separated | 13.9 | 20.5 |
| Smoker (nicotine), % Yes | 11.1 | 82.1* |
| History of chronic pain treatment | 0.0 | 33.3* |
| History of addiction treatment | 0.0 | 41.0* |
| Opioid use in the past month | ||
| Total # days using | 0.2 t | 18.1* |
| Average # pills per day | 0.007t | 2.79* |
| Average # pills per using day | 0.07 t | 4.16* |
| Comorbid psychiatric conditions╫ | ||
| Alcohol use disorder | 0.0 | 10.3 |
| Sedative use disorder | 0.0 | 5.1 |
| Marijuana use disorder | 0.0 | 7.7 |
| Cocaine use disorder | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Major depression | 0.0 | 5.1 |
| Panic disorder | 0.0 | 15.4* |
| PTSD | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Bipolar disorder | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Pain disorder | 0.0 | 7.7 |
Note. PO = prescription opioid. M(SD) = Mean(Standard Deviation).
*
p<.05 between-group differences.
╫
Current conditions.
t
Two control patients reported medical use of opioids during the month prior to study entry. Both subjects used the medication as prescribed for acute medical procedures, had not used the medication in the past 5 days prior to laboratory testing and had negative urine drug screen tests.