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. 2015 Aug 28;4(9):1163–1179. doi: 10.1242/bio.012468

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Domain architectures of dystroglycans from different animal phyla. (A) The DG typical of vertebrates Callorhincus milii (elephant shark), Lethenteron japonicum (Cyclostomata), (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Echinoderma) and an annelid, Capitella teleta. (B-J) domain architectures of DG identified in (B) Urochordata (Ciona intestinalis) and Cephalochordata (Branchiostoma lanceolatum), (C) Hemichordata (Saccoglossus kowalevskii), (D) Mollusca, (Gastropods Lottia gigantea and Aplysia californica, Bivalve, Crassostrea gigas and cephalopod, Octopus vulgaris), (E) arthropod classes (Insecta and Hymenoptera, Camponotus floridanus and others) (see also supplementary material Fig. S1), (F) Nematoda (Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis remanei), (G) Cnidaria, Hydra magnipapillata, (H) Cnidaria, Nematostella vectensis (see also supplementary material Fig. S2), (I) Placozoa (Trichoplax adhaerens), (J) Porifera (homoscleromorph Oscarella carmela) (see also supplementary material Fig. S3). Expansions of the IG2_MAT_NU module are indicated in C, E and I (2×) and in H (6×). Black arrowheads indicate the furin cleavage site. Red arrowheads indicate the Gly-Ser α/β maturation site. SP, signal peptide; IG1 and IG2, immunoglobulin-like domains; S6, S6-like domain; βBS, β-subunit binding site on the IG2 domain; MAT, C-terminal region of α-dystroglycan upstream of the Gly-Ser maturation site; NU, natively unfolded region that forms the N-terminal region of the ectodomain of β-dystroglycan; TM, transmembrane; cyto, cytoplasmic domain; DBS, dystrophin-binding site. The SP is reported as a black box if complete, or a white box if partial. Dotted lines indicate protein sequences that are incomplete at the N-terminal end. Dotted boxes around the IG domains of Urochordata (B) or the S6 domain of nematodes (F) indicate the divergence of these domains (less than 20% sequence identity). The dotted box for NU in H. magnipapillata DG (G) indicates the presence of two deletions in this region. The white box within the cytoplasmic domain of N. vectensis DG (H) indicates the presence of an insertion. In T. adhaerens DG (I), no DBS was detected (white box). Diagrams are not to scale. Accession codes and other details are in Table 2.