Fig. 6.

Evolution of dystroglycan-binding proteins. (A) Schematic of the interactions of dystroglycan with other members of the DGC and the modifying enzymes that act on DG. In the Golgi complex, α-dystroglycan is post-translationally modified at multiple Thr/Ser residues in its mucin-like region during its trafficking to the cell surface. CR, cysteine-rich domain; SG: sarcoglycan; SS: sarcospan. (B) The phylogenetic distributions of DG, dystroglycan-binding proteins of the DGC and DG-modifying enzymes in early-diverging metazoans and their closest unicellular relatives. Species are representative of the indicated phyla. Key: Grey squares, predicted protein identified, BLASTP e-value<1e−10; black circles, BLASTP e-value>1e−10 and <0.05; white squares, no homologue identified. See supplementary material Table S1 for accession numbers.