. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Sep 25.

Published in final edited form as: Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014 Jun 25;2(9):719–729. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70113-5

Table 2.

Summary of coefficients for instrumental variable ratio analyses, with the synthesis score as an instrumental variable

	Estimate from phenotypic analyses, per 10% increase in 25(OH)D concentration		Synthesis score with outcome, per allele	Instrumental variable estimate for causal effect, per 10% increase in 25(OH)D concentration
	Coefficient^* (95% CI)	p value	Coefficient^* (95% CI)	Coefficient^* (95% CI)	p value
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	−0·12 (−0·20 to −0·04)	0·003	−0·10 (−0·21 to −0·0001)	−0·37 (−0·73 to 0·003)	0·052
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	−0·02 (−0·08 to 0·03)	0·374	−0·08 (−0·15 to −0·02)	−0·29 (−0·52 to −0·07)	0·01
Hypertension (odds ratio)	0·98 (0·97 to 0·99)	0·0003	0·98 (0·96 to 0·99)	0·92 (0·87 to 0·97)	0·002

Results include the D-CarDia studies (in adults only) and consortium summary statistics from the International Consortium for Blood Pressure (ICBP), the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium, and the Global Blood Pressure Genetics (Global BPgen) consortium. Association of the synthesis score with 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D): coefficient per allele, 2·83% (95% CI 2·48–3·18).

Coefficient represents the difference in blood pressure (mm Hg) or the odds ratio.