Table 2.
Association between pubertal stage and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs)
| Male (n = 828) | Female (n = 1157) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-pubertal1 (n = 205) | Pubertal2 (n = 306) | Late /Post-pubertal 3 (n = 317) | p-value4 | Pre-pubertal1 (n = 178) | Pubertal2 (n = 370) | Late/Post-pubertal3 (n = 609) | p-value 4 | |
| Age (y) [median (IQR)] | 9.5 (8.3 – 11.0) | 12.1 (10.5 – 13.5) | 16.0 (15.1 – 17.2) | 8.4 (7.6 – 9.3) | 12.1 (10.8 – 13.8) | 15.9 (14.7 – 17.3) | ||
| Cardiometabolic risk factors [N(%)] | ||||||||
| Increased waist circumference5 | 48 (23.4 %) | 59 (19.3 %) | 41 (12.9 %) | 0.007 | 18 (10.1 %) | 55 (14.9 %) | 120 (19.7 %) | 0.005 |
| High triglyceride6 | 28 (14.4 %) | 29 (9.7 %) | 20 (6.3 %) | 0.011 | 15 (9.0 %) | 46 (12.5 %) | 55 (9.0 %) | 0.190 |
| Low HDL-C7 | 18 (9.2 %) | 28 (9.3 %) | 26 (8.2 %) | 0.873 | 17 (10.2 %) | 26 (7.1 %) | 35 (5.7 %) | 0.128 |
| High fasting plasma glucose8 | 3 (1.5 %) | 7 (2.3 %) | 10 (3.2 %) | 0.573 | 0 (0.0 %) | 9 (2.4 %) | 7 (1.1 %) | 0.065 |
| High blood pressure9 | 58 (28.3 %) | 62 (20.3 %) | 46 (14.5 %) | 0.001 | 32 (18.0 %) | 62 (16.8 %) | 72 (11.8 %) | 0.033 |
| Clustering of the above CMRFs10 | 9 (4.6 %) | 12 (4.0 %) | 10 (3.2 %) | 0.705 | 3 (1.8 %) | 10 (2.7 %) | 10 (1.6 %) | 0.495 |
| Overweight/obese11 | 77 (37.6 %) | 79 (25.8 %) | 49 (15.5 %) | <0.001 | 28 (15.7 %) | 57 (15.4 %) | 104 (17.1 %) | 0.768 |
| Obese 12 | 37 (18.0 %) | 30 (9.8 %) | 9 (2.8 %) | <0.001 | 9 (5.1 %) | 21 (5.7 %) | 31 (5.1 %) | 0.915 |
| Cardiometabolic Risk Score [mean (SD)] | ||||||||
| Cardiometabolic Risk Score α13 | 0.65 (3.38) | 0.38 (3.26) | 0.55 (3.05) | 0.620 | −0.49 (2.96) | 0.22 (2.72) | 0.41 (2.92) | 0.002 |
| Cardiometabolic Risk Score β14 | 0.61 (2.88) | 0.36 (2.60) | 0.60 (2.59) | 0.460 | −0.08 (2.45) | 0.23 (2.30) | 0.28 (2.46) | 0.220 |
Pre-pubertal :Tanner pubertal stage 1
Pubertal : Tanner pubertal stages 2 and 3
Late/Post-pubertal : Tanner pubertal stages 4 and 5
*p-value testing the statistical significance of the association between each of the CMRFs and pubertal stage
Waist circumference ≥90th percentile (age- and sex-specific)
Triglyceride ≥90th percentile (age- and sex-specific)
High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ≥10th percentile (age- and sex-specific)
Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 5.6 mmol/L
Systolic blood pressure (BP)/diastolic BP ≥90th percentile (age, sex and height specific)
†Clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) was defined as 3 or more of the above 5 CMRF
Overweight : Body mass index (BMI) ≥85th percentile and <95th percentile (age- and sex-specific)
Obese : BMI ≥95th percentile (age- and sex-specific)
Cardiometabolic risk score α = Sum of components’ z score: Components of cardiometabolic risk score α includes z-score of sex-specific, age-adjusted waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (also height-adjusted), fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and minus z-score of sex-specific age-adjusted high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Cardiometabolic risk score β includes all components of risk score α except waist circumference