Table 1.
Sample Characteristics and Descriptive Results for Study Predictors and Outcomes.
| Afro-Caribbean immigrants (n = 293)
|
Latino immigrants (n = 343)
|
p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M or % | SD | M or % | SD | ||
| Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics | |||||
| Parent employed for pay | 63.92 | — | 38.48 | — | <.001 |
| Parent graduated high school | 45.02 | — | 25.07 | — | <.001 |
| Married or living with partner | 53.29 | — | 78.13 | — | <.001 |
| Living in poverty | 26.94 | — | 74.77 | — | <.001 |
| Child gender (male) | 51.54 | — | 50.44 | — | .78 |
| Parent age | 34.49 | 7.52 | 32.24 | 6.65 | <.001 |
| Child age | 4.15 | 0.28 | 4.67 | 0.57 | <.001 |
| Household size (no. of family members) | 4.43 | 1.66 | 5.15 | 1.75 | <.001 |
| Parent cultural characteristics | |||||
| Years of residence in the United States | 14.70 | 8.12 | 11.00 | 6.22 | <.001 |
| English language competence | n/a | n/a | 2.02 | 0.74 | — |
| U.S. Am identity | 3.09 | 0.70 | 2.49 | 0.90 | <.001 |
| U.S. Am cultural competence | 2.79 | 0.71 | 1.85 | 0.65 | <.001 |
| Ethnic identity | 3.71 | 0.42 | 3.90 | 0.29 | <.001 |
| Ethnic cultural competence | 3.05 | 0.79 | 2.74 | 0.73 | <.001 |
| Teacher characteristics | |||||
| Race | — | — | — | — | <.001 |
| White (non-Latino) | 53.33 | — | 42.74 | — | — |
| Black (non-Latino) | 30.00 | — | 8.87 | — | — |
| Latino | 0.00 | — | 41.13 | — | — |
| Other | 16.67 | — | 7.26 | — | — |
| Parent–teacher racial/ethnic consonance | 24.23 | — | 47.71 | — | <.001 |
| Years of teaching experience | 18.00 | 11.30 | 15.48 | 8.10 | .16 |
| Parent involvement practices | 3.00 | 0.78 | 3.00 | 0.72 | .99 |
| Self-efficacy in promoting parent involvement | 3.67 | 0.49 | 3.83 | 0.54 | .13 |
| School-wide support of parent involvement | 3.46 | 0.53 | 3.96 | 0.55 | <.001 |
| Parent involvement | |||||
| School-based involvement (P) | 4.36 | 0.051 | 4.21 | 0.55 | <.001 |
| Home-based involvement (T) | 3.78 | 0.81 | 3.76 | 0.87 | .791 |
| School-based involvement (T) | 2.12 | 0.47 | 2.33 | 0.55 | <.001 |
Note. Family poverty status based on federal guidelines, with consideration for number of persons living in the home. Am = American. P = parent rating; T = teacher rating.