Table 1.
Distribution of characteristics by never- and multiple-testers and factors associated with multiple HIV-testing relative to never-testers (N = 1751)
| Details | Multiple-testers & never-testers (n, col %) | Never-Testers (n, row %) | Multiple Testers (n, row %) | Minimally-adjusted PR (95 % CI)b | Adjusted PR (95 % CI)c | p-valued | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 15-19 | 387 (22.1) | 328 (84.8) | 59 (15.2) | 0.28 (0.21-0.36) | 0.29 (0.22-0.37) | <0.01 |
| 20-29 | 553 (31.6) | 259 (46.8) | 294 (53.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 30-39 | 391 (22.3) | 137 (35.0) | 254 (65.0) | 1.23 (1.09-1.36) | 1.25 (1.12-1.39) | (<0.01) | |
| ≥40 | 420 (24.0) | 193 (46.0) | 227 (54.0) | 1.02 (0.89-1.14) | 1.04 (0.91-1.16) | ||
| Head of household | No | 680 (38.8) | 472 (69.4) | 208 (30.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.06 |
| Yes | 1071 (61.2) | 445 (41.5) | 626 (58.5) | 1.28 (1.09-1.46) | 1.15 (0.97-1.32) | ||
| Religion | Protestant | 684 (39.1) | 332 (48.5) | 352 (51.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.01 |
| Catholic | 435 (24.8) | 229 (52.6) | 206 (47.4) | 0.89 (0.78-1.00) | 0.91 (0.80-1.01) | ||
| SDA | 257 (14.7) | 122 (47.5) | 135 (52.5) | 1.01 (0.88-1.15) | 0.98 (0.85-1.11) | ||
| Other | 305 (17.4) | 187 (61.3) | 118 (38.7) | 0.78 (0.66-0.90) | 0.83 (0.71-0.96) | ||
| None | 70 (4.0) | 47 (67.1) | 23 (32.9) | 0.59 (0.38-0.79) | 0.69 (0.47-0.90) | ||
| Marital status | Single | 762 (43.5) | 522 (68.5) | 240 (31.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.02 |
| Married/cohabiting | 913 (52.1) | 361 (39.5) | 552 (60.5) | 1.33 (1.12-1.53) | 1.23 (1.03-1.43) | ||
| Ever married | 76 (4.3) | 34 (44.7) | 42 (55.3) | 1.26 (0.94-1.59) | 1.30 (0.99-1.61) | ||
| Education | No/Primary | 745 (42.5) | 426 (57.2) | 319 (42.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Incomplete secondary | 649 (37.1) | 366 (56.4) | 283 (43.6) | 1.29 (1.13-1.44) | 1.26 (1.11-1.40) | <0.01 | |
| Secondary or higher | 357 (20.4) | 125 (35.0) | 232 (65.0) | 1.61 (1.41-1.81) | 1.59 (1.38-1.81) | (<0.01) | |
| Occupation | None | 802 (45.8) | 536 (66.8) | 266 (33.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | <0.01 |
| Agriculture (others land) | 378 (21.6) | 182 (48.1) | 196 (51.9) | 1.17 (0.99-1.34) | 1.11 (0.94-1.27) | ||
| Agriculture (own land) | 357 (20.4) | 134 (37.5) | 223 (62.5) | 1.39 (1.19-1.60) | 1.30 (1.11-1.48) | ||
| Services/Professional | 214 (12.2) | 65 (30.4) | 149 (69.6) | 1.53 (1.30-1.77) | 1.29 (1.08-1.50) | ||
| SEP Group | Lowest | 343 (19.6) | 184 (53.6) | 159 (46.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.06 |
| Low | 331 (18.9) | 188 (56.8) | 143 (43.2) | 1.01 (0.83-1.18) | 0.99 (0.93-1.14) | ||
| Middle | 365 (20.8) | 179 (49.0) | 186 (51.0) | 1.24 (1.03-1.44) | 1.19 (1.02-1.37) | ||
| High | 361 (20.6) | 189 (52.4) | 172 (47.6) | 1.21 (1.01-1.42) | 1.09 (0.92-1.26) | ||
| Highest | 351 (20.0) | 177 (50.4) | 174 (49.6) | 1.32 (1.08-1.55) | 1.04 (0.84-1.25) | ||
| Present continuously previous 6mths | No | 87 (5.0) | 50 (57.5) | 37 (42.5) | 1.0 | - | - |
| Yes | 1664 (95.0) | 867 (52.1) | 797 (47.9) | 1.12 (0.85-1.40) | |||
| History of TB treatment | No | 1702 (97.2) | 899 (52.8) | 803 (47.2) | 1.0 | - | - |
| Yes | 49 (2.8) | 18 (36.7) | 31 (63.3) | 1.15 (0.88-1.43) | - | - | |
| Spousal Characteristics (N = 511) | |||||||
| Currently pregnant | No | 447 (87.6) | 179 (40.0) | 268 (60.0) | 1.0 | - | - |
| Yes | 63 (12.4) | 19 (30.2) | 44 (69.8) | 1.16 (0.95-1.38) | |||
| Has Children | No | 27 (5.3) | 14 (51.9) | 13 (48.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.20 |
| Yes | 483 (94.7) | 183 (37.9) | 300 (62.1) | 1.34 (0.76-1.91) | 1.26 (0.76-1.76) | ||
| Wife previously HIV-tested | No | 56 (11.0) | 46 (82.1) | 10 (17.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | <0.01 |
| Yes | 454 (89.0 | 151 (33.3) | 303 (66.7) | 3.53 (1.50-5.57) | 3.02 (1.37-4.66) | ||
| Cluster-level Characteristics | |||||||
| >50 % of men employed | No | 684 (39.1) | 379 (55.4) | 305 (44.6) | 1.0 | - | - |
| Yes | 1067 (60.9) | 538 (50.4) | 529 (49.6) | 1.10 (0.91-1.29) | - | - | |
| >25 % mention 3+ ways to prevent HIV infection | No | 878 (50.1) | 435 (49.5) | 443 (50.5) | 1.0 | - | - |
| Yes | 873 (49.9) | 482 (55.2) | 391 (44.8) | 0.90 (0.76-1.04) | - | - | |
| HIV Prevalence | <10 % | 1381 (78.9) | 704 (51.0) | 677 (49.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.14 |
| 10 %+ | 370 (21.1) | 213 (57.6) | 157 (42.4) | 0.87 (0.70-1.03) | 0.87 (0.70-1.04) | ||
| ART Available at Health Facilitya | No | 858 (51.8) | 491 (57.2) | 367 (42.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 | <0.01 |
| Yes | 799 (48.2) | 381 (47.7) | 418 (52.3) | 1.30 (1.12-1.48) | 1.29 (1.12-1.45) | ||
a94 missing data N = 1657; bAdjusted for age, urban/rural residence and district; cAdjusted for variables higher in the conceptual framework (Fig. 1); dFor adjusted model and based on LRT, p-value in brackets is assuming linear trend
eever-married means either widowed, separated or divorced