Table 2.
Distribution of characteristics by one- and multiple-testers and factors associated with multiple HIV-testing relative to one-time testers (N = 1451)
| Details | Men with a history of ever-testing | One-time Testers (n, row %) | Multiple Testers (n, row %) | Minimally-adjusted PR (95 % CI)b | Adjusted PR (95 % CI)c | p-valued | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 15-19 | 159 (11.0) | 100 (62.9) | 59 (37.1) | 0.62 (0.48-0.76) | 0.63 (0.49-0.77) | <0.01 (0.03) |
| 20-29 | 489 (33.7) | 195 (39.9) | 294 (60.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 30-39 | 405 (27.9) | 151 (37.3) | 254 (62.7) | 1.06 (0.95-1.18) | 1.05 (0.94-1.16) | ||
| ≥40 | 398 (27.4) | 171 (43.0) | 227 (57.0) | 0.95 (0.84-1.06) | 0.95 (0.84-1.06) | ||
| Head of household | No | 424 (29.2) | 216 (50.9) | 208 (49.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.06 |
| Yes | 1027 (70.8) | 401 (39.0) | 626 (61.0) | 1.15 (1.00-1.30) | 1.13 (0.98-1.28) | ||
| Religion | Protestant | 575 (39.6) | 223 (38.8) | 352 (61.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.15 |
| Catholic | 386 (26.6) | 180 (46.6) | 206 (53.4) | 0.87 (0.77-0.98) | 0.89 (0.79-0.99) | ||
| SDA | 235 (16.2) | 100 (42.6) | 135 (57.4) | 0.90 (0.78-1.03) | 0.89 (0.77-1.01) | ||
| Other | 208 (14.3) | 90 (43.3) | 118 (56.7) | 0.92 (0.79-1.05) | 0.99 (0.86-1.11) | ||
| None | 47 (3.2) | 24 (51.1) | 23 (48.9) | 0.78 (0.54-1.02) | 0.86 (0.62-1.09) | ||
| Marital status | Single | 475 (32.7) | 235 (49.5) | 240 (50.5) | 1.0 | - | - |
| Married/cohabiting | 905 (62.4) | 353 (39.0) | 552 (61.0) | 1.15 (0.99-1.31) | |||
| Ever married | 71 (4.9) | 29 (40.8) | 42 (59.2) | 1.13 (0.87-1.40) | |||
| Education | No/Primary | 589 (40.6) | 270 (45.8) | 319 (54.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Incomplete secondary | 515 (35.5) | 232 (45.0) | 283 (55.0) | 1.08 (0.96-1.21) | 1.11 (0.99-1.24) | <0.01 (<0.01) | |
| Secondary or higher | 347 (23.9) | 115 (33.1) | 232 (66.9) | 1.26 (1.11-1.41) | 1.29 (1.13-1.44) | ||
| Occupation | None | 555 (38.2) | 289 (52.1) | 266 (47.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | <0.01 |
| Agriculture (others land) | 351 (24.2) | 155 (44.2) | 196 (55.8) | 1.11 (0.96-1.27) | 1.10 (0.95-1.26) | ||
| Agriculture (own land) | 320 (22.1) | 97 (30.3) | 223 (69.7) | 1.46 (1.28-1.65) | 1.45 (1.27-1.63) | ||
| Services/Professional | 225 (15.5) | 76 (33.8) | 149 (66.2) | 1.27 (1.09-1.46) | 1.19 (1.00-1.37) | ||
| SEP Group | Lowest | 263 (18.1) | 104 (39.5) | 159 (60.5) | 1.0 | - | - |
| Low | 264 (18.2) | 121 (45.8) | 143 (54.2) | 0.91 (0.77-1.04) | |||
| Middle | 336 (23.2) | 150 (44.6) | 186 (55.4) | 0.90 (0.77-1.04) | |||
| High | 311 (21.4) | 139 (44.7) | 172 (55.3) | 0.92 (0.78-1.06) | |||
| Highest | 277 (19.1) | 103 (37.2) | 174 (62.8) | 1.05 (0.88-1.21) | |||
| Present continuously previous 6mths | No | 60 (4.1) | 23 (38.3) | 37 (61.7) | 1.0 | - | - |
| Yes | 1391 (95.9) | 594 (42.7) | 797 (57.3) | 0.91 (0.72-1.09) | |||
| History of TB treatment | No | 1383 (95.3) | 580 (41.9) | 803 (58.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.62 |
| Yes | 68 (4.7) | 37 (54.4) | 31 (45.6) | 0.76 (0.55-0.97) | 1.06 (0.84-1.28) | ||
| HIV Status | Negative | 1297 (93.0) | 507 (39.1) | 790 (60.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | <0.01 |
| Positive | 98 (7.0) | 84 (85.7) | 14 (14.3) | 0.20 (0.10-0.31) | 0.22 (0.11-0.33) | ||
| Spousal Characteristics (N = 517) | |||||||
| Currently pregnant | No | 443 (85.7) | 175 (39.5) | 268 (60.5) | 1.0 | -- | -- |
| Yes | 74 (14.3) | 30 (40.5) | 44 (59.5) | 0.97 (0.77-1.17) | |||
| Has Children | No | No | 20 (3.9) | 13 (65.0) | 1.0 | - | - |
| Yes | Yes | 497 (96.1) | 299 (60.2) | 0.93 (0.60-1.26) | |||
| Wife previously HIV-tested | No | 24 (4.6) | 14 (58.3) | 10 (41.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.32 |
| Yes | 493 (95.4) | 191 (38.7) | 303 (61.3) | 1.44 (0.75-2.12) | 1.19 (0.73-1.66) | ||
| Cluster-level Characteristics | |||||||
| >50 % of men employed | No | 578 (39.8) | 273 (47.2) | 305 (52.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.29 |
| Yes | 873 (60.2) | 344 (39.4) | 529 (60.6) | 1.15 (0.97-1.34) | 1.09 (0.92-1.25) | ||
| >25 % mention 3+ ways to prevent HIV infection | No | 711 (49.0) | 268 (37.7) | 443 (62.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.05 |
| Yes | 740 (51.0) | 349 (47.2) | 391 (52.8) | 0.84 (0.72-0.95) | 0.86 (0.74-0.98) | ||
| HIV Prevalence | <10 % | 1160 (79.9) | 483 (41.6) | 677 (58.4) | 1.0 | - | - |
| 10 %+ | 291 (20.1) | 134 (46.0) | 157 (54.0) | 0.96 (0.79-1.13) | |||
| ART Available at Health Facilitya | No | 676 (49.3) | 309 (45.7) | 367 (54.3) | 1.0 | - | - |
| Yes | 694 (50.7) | 276 (39.8) | 418 (60.2) | 1.09 (0.95-1.24) | |||
a81 missing data N = 1370; bAdjusted for age, urban/rural residence and district; cAdjusted for variables higher in the conceptual framework (Fig. 1); dFor adjusted model and based on LRT, p-value in brackets is assuming linear trend
eN=1395 as 56 men were missing data on self-reported HIV status