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. 2015 Sep 18;10:5837–5851. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S86186

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© 2015 Ascenso et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License

The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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Retention of caffeine UDV formulations, and the respective solutions controls in SC and ED and skin permeation after 24 hours, expressed as mean (µg/cm² or %/cm²) ± standard deviation (n=3 per formulation).

Notes: Statistical analysis: one-way analysis of variance with all pairwise multiple comparison procedures (Holm–Sidak method) between each group (UDV versus respective controls and transfersomes versus ethosomes versus transethosomes); means with different letters are significantly different (P<0.05).

Abbreviations: E caf, caffeine-loaded ethosomes; ED, epidermis plus dermis; SC, stratum corneum; T caf NaCo, caffeine-loaded sodium cholate transfersomes; TE caf NaCo, caffeine-loaded sodium cholate transethosomes; UDV, ultradeformable vesicles.