Table 4.

Performance of RUV-random when biological signal and systematic noise are differently correlated (based on 1000 simulation runs)

Average Cor(W,X)	% WS	FN2
0.1127	8.3	0.138
0.1634	14.5	0.211
0.2015	21.6	0.281
0.2341	27.7	0.341

The performance was measured using the percentage of estimates with the wrong sign (WS). While FN² refers to a squared Frobenius norm (FN²) measure (explained in the text), which should be close to 0. All parameter choices and details of the simulation can be found in Additional file 1. All standard deviations for FN² were <0.001