Table 3.
Associations between maternal prepregnancy BMI status and child mental and motor development at approximately 2 years of age, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, United States, 2001–2004
| Underweight (n =500) | Normalweight (n =3850) | Overweight (n =1550) | Obese class I (n =600) | Obese class II and III (n =400) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MDI score, β (95% CI) | |||||
| Unadjusted | −1.34 (−2.71, 0.02) | 0.00 (referent) | −0.68 (−1.38, 0.02) | −1.32 (−2.58, −0.06) | −2.92 (−4.19, −1.65) |
| Adjusteda | −0.47 (−1.77, 0.84) | 0.00 (referent) | −0.21 (−0.88, 0.46) | −0.57 (−1.63, 0.48) | −2.13 (−3.32, −0.93) |
| MDI <40 vs ≥40, RR (95% CI) | |||||
| Unadjusted | 1.51 (1.12, 2.04) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.12 (0.94, 1.33) | 1.05 (0.79, 1.38) | 1.50 (1.14, 1.98) |
| Adjusteda | 1.36 (1.04, 1.78) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.22) | 0.94 (0.73, 1.23) | 1.38 (1.03, 1.84) |
| PDI score, β (95% CI) | |||||
| Unadjusted | −1.20 (−2.44, 0.05) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.02 (−0.61, 0.65) | 0.15 (−0.90, 1.20) | −0.24 (−1.61, 1.13) |
| Adjusteda | −0.93 (−2.16, 0.31) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.13 (−0.52, 0.78) | 0.22 (−0.82, 1.26) | −0.30 (−1.69, 1.09) |
| PDI <40 vs ≥40, RR (95% CI) | |||||
| Unadjusted | 1.06 (0.77, 1.48) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.05 (0.89, 1.24) | 0.99 (0.75, 1.31) | 1.17 (0.85, 1.61) |
| Adjusteda | 1.02 (0.73, 1.42) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.02 (0.86, 1.22) | 0.97 (0.74, 1.29) | 1.17 (0.85, 1.62) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; MDI, mental development index; PDI, psychomotor development index; RR, risk ratio.
a
Adjusted for maternal age (continuous), race-ethnicity, marital status, parity, schooling (continuous), smoking during pregnancy, household poverty status and child sex.