Table 4.
Associations between maternal prepregnancy BMI status and child mental and motor development at approximately 2 years of age, based on a sensitivity analysis limited to full-term children born to non-diabetic and non-hypertensive mothers, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, United States, 2001–2004
| Underweight (n =350) | Normal weight (n =2950) | Overweight (n =1100) | Obese class I (n =400) | Obese class II and III (n =250) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MDI score, β (95% CI) | |||||
| Unadjusted | − 1.10 (−2.67, 0.47) | 0.00 (referent) | −0.91 (−1.74, −0.08) | −1.04 (−2.43, 0.36) | −3.72 (−5.21, −2.22) |
| Adjusteda | − 0.19 (−1.65, 1.27) | 0.00 (referent) | −0.18 (−0.97, 0.61) | −0.04 (−1.29, 1.22) | −2.30 (−3.66, −0.93) |
| MDI <40 vs ≥40, RR (95% CI) | |||||
| Unadjusted | 1.52 (1.09, 2.12) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.20 (0.98, 1.46) | 0.98 (0.69, 1.39) | 1.78 (1.31, 2.44) |
| Adjusteda | 1.32 (0.97, 1.79) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.09 (0.89, 1.35) | 0.88 (0.62, 1.24) | 1.54 (1.14, 2.10) |
| PDI score, β (95% CI) | |||||
| Unadjusted | − 0.85 (−2.21, 0.51) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.29 (−0.40, 0.98) | 0.74 (−0.53, 2.00) | −0.33 (−2.04, 1.39) |
| Adjusteda | − 0.45 (−1.80, 0.91) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.40 (−0.33, 1.13) | 0.75 (−0.51, 2.01) | −0.50 (−2.24, 1.23) |
| PDI <40 vs ≥40, RR (95% CI) | |||||
| Unadjusted | 0.97 (0.66, 1.42) | 1.00 (referent) | 0.96 (0.78, 1.20) | 0.95 (0.68, 1.33) | 1.31 (0.92, 1.87) |
| Adjusteda | 0.88 (0.59, 1.31) | 1.00 (referent) | 0.95 (0.75, 1.20) | 0.95 (0.67, 1.34) | 1.30 (0.90, 1.89) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; MDI, mental development index; PDI, psychomotor development index; RR, risk ratio.
a
Adjusted model: maternal age (continuous), race-ethnicity, marital status, parity, schooling (continuous), smoking during pregnancy, household poverty status, child sex, gestational weight gain adequacy, birthweight-for-gestational-age status and breastfeeding duration.