Table 1. Demographic data, clinical characteristics and viral isolation among children with pneumonia in Bhaktapur, Nepal.
| Child characteristics | Designation | Total | Non- | severe | Severe | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Value | n | Value | n | Value | |||
| Age of child in months | mean ±SD | 430 | 13.5 ± 8.6 | 387 | 14.1 ± 8.5 | 43 | 7.7 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
| Boys | n (%) | 430 | 229 (53.0) | 387 | 205 (53.0) | 43 | 26 (60.5) | 0.75 |
| Breastfed yes | n (%) | 430 | 408 (94.9) | 387 | 367 (94.8) | 43 | 41 (95.3) | 1.0 |
| Axillary temperature in°C | mean ±SD | 430 | 37.4 ± 0.9 | 387 | 37.3 ± 0.9 | 43 | 37.3 ± 0.7 | 0.617 |
| Duration of cough in days | mean ±SD | 430 | 3.1 ± 1.9 | 387 | 3.2 ± 2.0 | 43 | 3.1 ± 1.8 | 0.981 |
| Duration of difficulty breathing in days | mean ±SD | 430 | 1.73 ± 1.8 | 387 | 1.7 ± 1.9 | 43 | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 0.379 |
| Duration of fever in days | median (IQR) | 430 | 2 (1–3) | 387 | 2 (1–3) | 43 | 2 (1–3) | 0.285 |
| Respiratory rate pr/min | mean ±SD | 430 | 54.2 ± 7.9 | 387 | 53 ± 6.7 | 43 | 66.0 ± 9.2 | <0.001 |
| Presence of lower chest indrawing (LCI) | n (%) | 430 | 42 (9.8) | 387 | 0 (0.0) | 43 | 42 (97.7) | <0.001 |
| SpO2 | median (IQR) | 430 | 93.5 (91.5–96.5) | 387 | 93.5 (91.5–96.5) | 43 | 91.5 (90.5–95.0) | 0.005 |
| Hypoxia (SpO2 <90%) | n (%) | 430 | 12 (2.8) | 387 | 3 (0.8) | 43 | 9 (20.9) | <0.001 |
| CRP | median (IQR) | 430 | 12 (0–28) | 387 | 12 (0–26) | 43 | 25 (0–50) | 0.015 |
| CRP mg/L >80 | n (%) | 430 | 16 (3.7) | 387 | 12 (3.1) | 43 | 4 (9.3) | 0.065 |
| CRPmg/L >40 | n (%) | 430 | 62 (14.4) | 387 | 48 (12.4) | 43 | 14 (32.6) | 0.001 |
| Family ownership of land | n (%) | 429 | 205 (47.8) | 387 | 185 (47.8) | 43 | 20 (46.5) | 1.0 |
| Living in nuclear family (*) | n (%) | 429 | 212 (49.4) | 387 | 188 (48.6) | 43 | 24 (55.8) | 0.397 |
| Number of family members | mean ±SD | 429 | 6.1 ± 3.3 | 387 | 6.2 ± 3.3 | 43 | 5.5 ± 3.0 | 0.136 |
| Indoor smoking | n (%) | 428 | 248 (57.9) | 386 | 248 (64.2) | 42 | 22 (52.4) | 0.511 |
| Z-score weights for age | mean ±SD | 430 | -0.8 ± 1.1 | 387 | -0.8 ± 1.1 | 43 | -0.8 ± 1.3 | 0.968 |
| Z-score length/height for age | mean ±SD | 430 | -1.1 ± 1.2 | 387 | -1.1 ± 1.2 | 43 | -0.7 ± 1.5 | 0.077 |
| Z-score weight for length/height | mean ±SD | 429 | -0.3 ± 1.0 | 386 | -0.3 ± 1.0 | 43 | -0.5 ± 1.1 | 0.061 |
| < -2 Z-score length/height for age (stunted) | n (%) | 430 | 66 (15.3) | 387 | 85 (22.0) | 43 | 10 (23.3) | 0.847 |
| < -2 Z-score weight for length/height (wasted) | n (%) | 429 | 19 (4.4) | 386 | 18 (4.7) | 43 | 1 (2.3) | 0.708 |
| Positive for any virus in nasopharyngeal aspirate | n (%) | 384 | 169 (44) | 343 | 147 (42.9) | 42 | 22 (52.4) | 0.253 |
| Positive for PIV 1 | n (%) | 384 | 20 (5.2) | 343 | 19 (5.5) | 42 | 1 (2.4) | 0.71 |
| Positive for PIV 2 | n (%) | 384 | 5 (1.3) | 343 | 4 (1.2) | 42 | 1 (2.4) | 0.441 |
| Positive for PIV 3 | n (%) | 384 | 32 (8.3) | 343 | 31 (9.0) | 42 | 1 (2.4) | 0.231 |
| Positive for Influenza A | n (%) | 384 | 24 (6.3) | 343 | 22 (6.4) | 42 | 2 (4.8) | 1.0 |
| Positive for Influenza B | n (%) | 384 | 16 (4.2) | 343 | 15 (4.4) | 42 | 1 (2.4) | 1.0 |
| Positive for RSV | n (%) | 384 | 60 (15.6) | 343 | 44 (12.8) | 42 | 16 (38.1) | <0.001 |
| Positive for hMPV | n (%) | 384 | 16 (4.2) | 343 | 16 (4.7) | 42 | 0 (0.0) | 0.236 |
| Positive for two viruses | n (%) | 384 | 4 (1) | 343 | 4 (1.2) | 42 | 0 (0.0) | 1.0 |
| Baseline plasma Zinc in μg/dL | mean ±SD | 426 | 58.2 ± 17.3 | 383 | 58.1 ± 15.1 | 43 | 58.7 ± 31.2 | 0.235 |
| Time till recovery (days) | median (IQR) | 430 | 3 (2–5) | 387 | 3 (2–5) | 43 | 6 (4–8) | <0.001 |
For p-values Fisher´s exact test was used for dichotomous variables and Mann-Whithey-U-test for continuous variables.
* Nuclear family = children living together with their parents.