Table 2. Cytokine concentrations among children with severe and non-severe pneumonia in Bhaktapur, Nepal.
| Cytokine | LOD | % <LOD | Severe | pneumonia | Non- | severe | pneumonia | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (pg/ml) | n | Median | IQR | n | Median | IQR | |||
| IL-1β | 0.6 | 4.2 | 43 | 2 | 1.2–3.7 | 383 | 1.4 | 1.0–2.3 | 0.007 |
| IL-1ra | 5.5 | 0.4 | 43 | 353.4 | 183.1–962 | 382 | 282.8 | 155.3–566.2 | 0.102 |
| IL-2 | 1.6 | 1 | 43 | 20.8 | 13.3–33.1 | 382 | 21.8 | 13.08–35.0 | 0.696 |
| IL-4 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 43 | 2.5 | 1.9–3.5 | 383 | 2 | 1.3–2.9 | 0.008 |
| IL-5 | 0.6 | 3.8 | 43 | 2.9 | 1.2–8.9 | 383 | 2 | 0.6–5.5 | 0.052 |
| IL-6 | 2.6 | 0.3 | 43 | 58.4 | 36.5–90.8 | 382 | 39.6 | 23–76.2 | 0.014 |
| IL-7 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 43 | 9.3 | 5–14.6 | 381 | 6.7 | 3.7–11.2 | 0.087 |
| IL-8 | 1 | 0.3 | 43 | 35.9 | 21.9–64.4 | 382 | 23.4 | 17.5–34.2 | <0.001 |
| IL-9 | 2.5 | 0.4 | 43 | 45.4 | 31.3–142.9 | 382 | 34.5 | 25.3–52.1 | 0.006 |
| IL-10 | 0.3 | 0 | 43 | 28.2 | 16.9–57.4 | 383 | 26.3 | 15.9–46.5 | 0.478 |
| IL-12p70 | 3.5 | 0.9 | 43 | 27.6 | 20.1.- 56.0 | 383 | 31 | 19.2–52.7 | 0.91 |
| IL-13 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 43 | 7.3 | 4.9–12.1 | 383 | 6 | 3.5–9.7 | 0.067 |
| IL-15 | 2.4 | 30 | 43 | 12.8 | 5.8–29.4 | 383 | 5.3 | 0.9–15.7 | 0.001 |
| IL-17a | 3.3 | 0.4 | 43 | 42.4 | 31.6–58.8 | 381 | 38.2 | 25.1–52.0 | 0.099 |
| eotaxin | 1.9 | 2.2 | 43 | 63.8 | 43.9–91.4 | 382 | 52.15 | 32.2–80.9 | 0.038 |
| b-FGF | 2.5 | 0.3 | 43 | 121.6 | 94.5–153.1 | 383 | 98.4 | 77.5–128.6 | 0.002 |
| G-CSF | 1.7 | 0.8 | 43 | 113.5 | 54.6–315.2 | 383 | 69.1 | 38.5–135.1 | <0.001 |
| GM-CSF | 2.2 | 2.6 | 43 | 677.6 | 429.8–923.7 | 383 | 465.2 | 247.1–731.7 | <0.001 |
| IFN-γ | 6.4 | 0.3 | 43 | 96.2 | 66.7–262.6 | 383 | 83.2 | 51.5–157.5 | 0.059 |
| IP-10 | 6.1 | 0.3 | 43 | 1577.4 | 66.7–262.6 | 382 | 1679.2 | 889.4–3040.8 | 0.938 |
| MCP-1 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 43 | 209.8 | 1186.6–2570.8 | 383 | 179 | 121.8–274.8 | 0.431 |
| MIP-1α | 1.6 | 0.4 | 43 | 4.7 | 121.1–347.9 | 382 | 4.4 | 3.8–5.7 | 0.203 |
| MIP-1β | 2.4 | 0.4 | 43 | 107.8 | 3.9–6.3 | 382 | 97.05 | 77.5–137.6 | 0.769 |
| PDGF-BB | 2.9 | 0.3 | 43 | 1277.8 | 76.1–128.6 | 382 | 1348.4 | 77.5–2348.1 | 0.309 |
| RANTES | 1.8 | 94.8 | 43 | <LOD | 384 | <LOD | |||
| TNF-α | 6 | 0.5 | 43 | 24.1 | 13.6–51.9 | 382 | 17 | 12–26.6 | 0.009 |
| VEGF | 3.1 | 0.5 | 43 | 101.5 | 63–135.8 | 382 | 87 | 59.1–138.1 | 0.563 |
p-values are based on Mann–Whitney U- test. IL-1b = interleukin-1 beta; IL-1ra = interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; IL-2 = interleukin-2; IL-4 = interleukin-4; IL-5 = interleukin-5; IL-6 = interleukin-6; IL-7 = interleukin-7; IL-8 = interleukin-8; IL-9 = interleukin-9; IL-10 = inter- leukin-10; IL-12 = interleukin-12; IL-13 = interleukin-13; IL-17 = interleukin-17; FGF = fibroblast growth factor; IFN-γ = interferon gamma; IP-10 = interferon gamma-induced protein 10; MCP-1 = monocyte chemotactic protein-1; MIP-1b = macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta; PDGF-BB = platelet-derived growth factor-BB; RANTES = regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted; TNF = tumor necrosis factor; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor, IQR = inter- quartile range, n = number of observations, LOD = lower limit of detection. (Boxplots are shown as supplemental material, S1 Fig).