Table 4. Cytokine concentrations and differences in sub-populations based on nutritional status, breastfeeding and exposure to indoor smoking.

Cytokine	Stunted		Breastfeeding		Exposure to	indoor
						smoking
	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No
IL-4					1.9	2.2
					p = 0.01
IL-5	1.2	2.1	2	4.6
	p = 0.002		p = 0.023
IL-9	31.9	36.8
	p = 0.033
IL-13					5.7	6.7
					p = 0.041
IL-15	1.9	7
	p = 0.008
b-FGF			101.9	86.3	98.1	106.4
			p = 0.025		p = 0.008
G-CSF					60.3	76.7
					p = 0.007
GM-CSF			491.4	158.7	424.3	543.5
			p = 0.009		p < 0.001
TNF-α	16.2	18.2
	p = 0.049
MIP-1α					4.4	4.8
					p <	0.001
PDGF-BB					1204.1	1453.7
					p = 0.022
VEGF					82.7	100.8
					p = 0.005

Table 4 shows the cytokines with significant differences in various sub-groups. Medians are given in absolute concentrations (pg/ml) and all p-values are based on the Mann–Whitney U- test.