Table 1.

Mean scores (M) and standard deviations (SD) for each age group; n = 43 for normal hearing, n = 17 for hearing aids, and n = 47 for cochlear implants, except where noted for age of second implant.

Variable	Normal hearing		Hearing aids		Cochlear implants
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
Age (years, months)	10, 4	4	10, 3	4	10, 6	5
Socioeconomic status	35	13	33	12	33	11
Number of articulation errors	<1	<1	<1	1	1	2
Better-ear pure-tone average threshold			63	9	105	14
Average aided threshold			27	14	25	8
Age of identification (months)			8	9	6	7
Age of first hearing aids (months)			10	9	8	6
Age of first cochlear implant (months)					21	18
Age of second cochlear implant (months)					46	21

Note. Socioeconomic status is based on a 64-point scale; number of articulation errors is derived from the Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation–Second Edition (2000); better-ear pure-tone average threshold is given in dB hearing level and represents mean, unaided thresholds measured at time of testing (children with HAs) or immediately prior to first cochlear implantation (children with CIs) for the frequencies of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kHz; average aided threshold is for those same three frequencies, for the better ear; age of second cochlear implant is given for the 29 children with two CIs at the time of testing.