Table 2. Linear regression of cognitive function in midlife (~50 y) on inflammatory markers at age ~30 y (baseline) and 13 y change in GlycA: the Jerusalem LRC longitudinal study.
| Inflammatory marker f | Global a (n = 507) | Attention a (n = 507) | Information processing speed (n = 477) | Executive (n = 506) | Visual spatial (n = 505) | Memory a (n = 499) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| β b (p) | β b (p) | β b (p) | β b (p) | β b (p) | β b (p) | β b (p) | β b (p) | β b (p) | β b (p) | β b (p) | β b (p) | β b (p) | β b (p) | β b (p) | β b (p) | β b (p) | β b (p) | |
| 1. CRP (nmol/L) a c at baseline | -.053 | .012 | .010 | -.038 | .008 | .019 | -.097* | -.061 | -.044 | -.080 | -.033 | -.019 | -.036 | .014 | -.009 | -.004 | .044 | .037 |
| (.243) | (.770) | (.809) | (.404) | (.865) | (.676) | (.036) | (.180) | (.342) | (.076) | (.473) | (.688) | (.426) | (.744) | (.833) | (.925) | (.343) | (.430) | |
| 2. WBC (cells/μL) c at baseline | -.007 | .018 | .014 | .008 | .032 | .032 | -.067 | -.051 | -.049 | -.028 | -.014 | -.016 | -.023 | -.012 | -.016 | .004 | .027 | .021 |
| (.881) | (.659) | (.729) | (.862) | (.463) | (.466) | (.151) | (.255) | (.280) | (.528) | (.758) | (.720) | (.611) | (.784) | (.706) | (.922) | (.566) | (.650) | |
| 3. Fibrinogen (mg/dL) c at baseline | -.125** | -.036 | -.031 | -.053 | .014 | .022 | -.048 | .002 | .011 | -.138** | -.074 | -.062 | -.089 | .007 | .005 | .091 | -.065 | .061 |
| (.007) | (.383) | (.467) | (.235) | (.760) | (.636) | (.317) | (.967) | (.821) | (.003) | (.107) | (.181) | (.055) | (.883) | (.918) | (.052) | (.169) | (.198) | |
| 4. GlycA (μmol/L) c at baseline | -.082 | .006 | .008 | -.071 | -.013 | -.006 | -.065 | -.005 | .008 | -.104* | -.046 | -.036 | -.058 | .006 | -.003 | .003 | .082 | .080 |
| (.072) | (.890) | (.857) | (.119) | (.768) | (.901) | (.163) | (.908) | (860) | (.022) | (.323) | (.448) | (.204) | (.886) | (.950) | (.948) | (.083) | (.095) | |
| 5. GlycA (μmol/L) change c d | -.118** | -.086 | -.076 | -.079 | -.059 | -.067 | -.109* | -.084 | -.098 | -.064 | -.055 | -.056 | -.076 | -.055 | -.033 | -.093 | -.062 | -.048 |
| (.023) | (.051) | (.112) | (.127) | (.218) | (.195) | (.042) | (.089) | (.063) | (.216) | (.263) | (.289) | (.142) | (.245) | (.511) | (.077) | (.214) | (.370) | |
| 6. GlycA (μmol/L) change (quintiles, 4df) d | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1 ≤ 49.88 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2 49.89–83.21 | -.050 | -.050 | -.048 | -.078 | -.083 | -.083 | -.017 | -.030 | -.030 | -.049 | -.058 | -.057 | -.101 | -.108* | -.110* | -.007 | -.003 | -.002 |
| (.395) | (.323) | (.347) | (.183) | (.128) | (.132) | (.772) | (.587) | (.601) | (.401) | (.294) | (.313) | (.084) | (.045) | (.043) | (.901) | (.955) | (.967) | |
| 3 83.22–108.81 | -.081 | -.043 | -.042 | -.102 | -.068 | -.069 | -.012 | .015 | .015 | -.066 | -.039 | -.038 | -.159** | -.134* | -.140* | .038 | .066 | .068 |
| (.171) | (.399) | (.418) | (.089) | (.217) | (.220) | (.842) | (.793) | (.798) | (.270) | (.489) | (.509) | (.008) | (.014) | (.011) | (.524) | (.249) | (.243) | |
| 4 108.82–139.19 | -.034 | -.032 | -.027 | -.032 | -.034 | -.040 | .005 | -.004 | -.016 | -.029 | -.031 | -.034 | -.101 | -.101 | -.090 | .018 | .027 | .034 |
| (.575) | (.543) | (.611) | (.602) | (.547) | (.499) | (.935) | (.943) | (.787) | (.637) | (.585) | (.568) | (.098) | (.069) | (.117) | (.765) | (.646) | (.579) | |
| 5 ≥ 139.20 | -.186** | -.148** | -.143* | -.131 | -.106 | -.115 | -.146 | -.117 | -.132* | -.117 | -.111 | -.116 | -.145* | -.122* | -.111 | -.134* | -.098 | -.087 |
| (.003) | (.006) | (.015) | (.039) | (.072) | (.070) | (.025) | (.052) | (.040) | (.063) | (.065) | (.074) | (.022) | (.036) | (.074) | (.035) | (.109) | (.182) | |
| p for trend d | (.010) | (.018) | (.041) | (.181) | (.297) | (.277) | (.036) | (.077) | (.051) | (.141) | (.157) | (.167) | (.106) | (.180) | (.362) | (.038) | (.111) | (.205) |
| 7. High GlycA (μmol/L) change (highest quintile, 1df) d e | -.141** | -.114** | -.109* | -.073 | -.056 | -.060 | -.140** | -.113* | -.124** | -.078 | -.075 | -.078 | -.044 | -.025 | -.010 | -.148** | -.123** | -.117* |
| (.003) | (.005) | (.011) | (.122) | (.207) | (.194) | (.004) | (.012) | (.008) | (.099) | (.093) | (.098) | (.353) | (.561) | (.824) | (.002) | (.007) | (.014) | |
LRC, Lipid Research Clinic; Beta = standardized regression coefficient; CRP, C-reactive protein.
a Box-Cox transformed z-scores (λ = - 0.5), C-reactive protein (λ = 0).
b Standardized regression coefficient.
c Per 1 SD increment.
d Additionally adjusted for baseline measurement of GlycA and time elapsed between measurements.
e Compared to the 4 lowest quintiles grouped.
Model 1: Unadjusted
Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, educational level, origin, childhood SES (ICBS ranking) and adult SES (ICBS ranking), depression, and baseline leisure-time vigorous activity, smoking status and BMI measured at ages 28–32.
Model 3: Model 2 plus change in smoking status, change in BMI, and duration between measurements. Reference level of dummy variables: sex, females; educational level, elementary (<9 yrs.); origin, Israel; leisure-time vigorous activity, none; smoking status, never; change in smoking status, no change. Age, childhood SES, adult SES, depression, BMI, change in BMI; all introduced as continuous/ interval variables.
f Missing data: CRP (n = 14), WBC (n = 12), fibrinogen (n = 43), GlycA at baseline (n = 21), GlycA change (n = 23), adult SES (n = 5), depression (n = 4), leisure-time vigorous activity (n = 1), change in BMI (n = 1). Missing values of adult SES, depression, leisure-time vigorous activity and change in BMI were replaced with non-missing median or mean values.
P-values in parentheses.
* p < .05.
** p < .01