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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 30.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Res. 2015 Jan 9;1602:119–126. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.01.004

Table 1.

Experimental Design

Phase 1: Baseline Phase 2: Morphine dependence induction Phase 3: Spontaneous withdrawal Phase 4: Precipitated withdrawal
# of sessions ~5 8 ~6a 4
Pre-session injection (4 h) SAL MOR or SAL SAL MOR or SAL
Pre-session injection (5 min) SAL SAL SAL NAL
a

Sessions were conducted once daily except during the first day of phase 3, during which sessions were conducted twice (i.e., 24 and 28 h following the last MOR injection of Phase 2)

MOR = morphine (10 mg/kg); NAL = naloxone (1 mg/kg); SAL = saline