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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Neurosci. 2015 Aug 24;18(10):1483–1492. doi: 10.1038/nn.4090

Figure 3.

Figure 3

AI plasticity induced by locus coeruleus pairing with optical stimulation in TH-Cre rats. a, Optogenetic control of locus coeruleus. Left, schematic of viral injection. Animals had an AAV expressing the ChETA variant of channelrhodopsin-2 and YFP (AAV5Ef1a-DIO ChETA-EYFP) stereotaxically injected into right locus coeruleus. Middle, TH and YFP immunostaining in locus coeruleus imaged at 10X; red, TH; green, YFP; blue, DAPI. Tissue was examined this way in one animal. Arrow, injection site. Scale, 500 μm. Right, zoom-in of white boxed region in middle panel showing co-labeling of TH and YFP expression. Scale, 40 μm. b, Synaptic and spiking tuning curves from four neurons before and 0–7 hours post-pairing from current-clamp (filled) or cell-attached recordings (open). Each recording from same AI location. Upper left, first recording ten minutes before (gray) and ten minutes after (black) pairing optical stimulation with 16 kHz (arrow). EPSPs increased across frequencies (paired 16 kHz EPSPs: 0.1±0.05 mV pre-pairing, 0.8±0.2 mV post-pairing, P=0.001; unpaired EPSPs across other frequencies: 0.1±0.02 mV pre-pairing, 0.9±0.06 mV post-pairing, P=10−15). Upper right, second cell-attached recording 115 minutes post-pairing (best frequency shift: 75%). Middle left, third recording 225 minutes post-pairing (shift: 100%). Middle right, third recording 240 minutes post-pairing (shift: 75%). Lower left, fourth recording 420 minutes post-pairing (shift: 100%). Lower right, fourth recording 435 minutes post-pairing (shift: 100%). Error bars indicate s.e.m.