Table 2.
Study I Correlates of Willingness to Self-Administer an Anal Cancer Screening Test
| No. Willing/Total No. (%) | Bivariate OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HPV, anal Cancer, and screening | |||
| Perceived knowledge of anal cancer A | -- | 1.24 (0.84–1.83) | -- |
| Worry about anal cancer B | -- | 1.68 (1.07–2.66)* | 1.54 (0.94–2.52) |
| Perceived severity of anal cancer B | -- | 1.25 (0.89–1.75) | -- |
| Perceived likelihood of anal cancer C | -- | 1.32 (0.86–2.02) | -- |
| Belief that HIV status affects chances of getting anal cancer D | -- | 2.50 (1.23–5.07)* | 1.95 (0.87–4.40) |
| Trust in anal Pap to find treatable cancer E | -- | 1.74 (1.27–2.40)** | 1.47 (1.04–2.09)* |
| Belief that only people who have anal sex need anal Pap tests E | -- | 1.18 (0.93–1.50) | -- |
| Awareness of HPV F | |||
| Unaware | 44/63 (70) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Aware, low knowledge | 98/127 (77) | 1.46 (0.74–2.88) | 1.25 (0.59–2.67) |
| Aware, high knowledge | 97/116 (84) | 2.20 (1.06–4.57)* | 1.46 (0.65–3.26) |
| Aware of anal pap test | |||
| No | 178/235 (76) | 1.00 | -- |
| Yes | 61/71 (86) | 1.95 (0.94–4.06) | |
| Ever had an anal Pap test | |||
| No | 203/262 (77) | 1.00 | -- |
| Yes | 36/44 (82) | 1.31 (0.58–2.97) | |
| Belief that doctors recommend anal Pap tests for MSM | |||
| No | 48/60 (80) | 1.00 | -- |
| Yes | 95/112 (85) | 1.40 (0.62–3.16) | |
| Don’t know | 96/134 (72) | 0.63 (0.30–1.32) | |
| Believed anal cancer screening should happen every 1–3 y among MSM | |||
| No | 115/163 (71) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 124/143 (87) | 2.72 (1.51–4.91)** | 2.19 (1.17–4.10)* |
| History of digital rectal exam | |||
| No or don’t know | 57/79 (72) | 1.00 | -- |
| Yes | 182/227 (80) | 1.56 (0.87–2.82) | |
| Sexual history | |||
| Disclosed sex with men to PCP | |||
| Yes | 151/186 (81) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| n/a or missing | 26/39 (67) | 0.46 (0.22–0.99)* | 0.73 (0.31–1.69) |
| No | 62/81 (77) | 0.76 (0.40–1.42) | 1.05 (0.52–2.10) |
| Age at first sexual intercourse (oral, anal, or vaginal) | |||
| <16 | 88/108 (81) | 1.00 | -- |
| ≥16 | 151/198 (76) | 0.73 (0.41–1.31) | |
| Number of lifetime sexual partners | |||
| ≤4 | 24/35 (69) | 1.00 | -- |
| ≥5 | 215/271 (79) | 1.76 (0.81–3.81) | |
| History of cancer (oral, anal, penile) or lesions (anal, penile) | |||
| No | 234/301 (78) | 1.00 | -- |
| Yes | 5/5 (100) | -- | |
| History of genital warts | |||
| No | 204/263 (78) | 1.00 | -- |
| Yes | 35/43 (81) | 1.27 (0.56–2.88) | |
| HIV status | |||
| Negative | 193/255 (76) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Positive | 46/51 (90) | 2.96 (1.12–7.77)* | 2.25 (0.80–6.34) |
| History of sexually transmitted disease other than HIV | |||
| No | 169/221 (76) | 1.00 | -- |
| Yes | 70/85 (82) | 1.44 (0.76–2.72) | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Sexual orientation | |||
| Gay | 190/236 (81) | 1.00 | -- |
| Bisexual | 49/70 (70) | 0.56 (0.31–1.03) | |
| Health insurance | |||
| No | 32/44 (73) | 1.00 | -- |
| Yes | 207/262 (79) | 1.41 (0.68–2.92) | |
| Current smoker | |||
| No | 169/219 (77) | 1.00 | -- |
| Yes | 70/87 (80) | 1.22 (0.66–2.26) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 197/247 (80) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 11/14 (79) | 0.93 (0.25–3.46) | 0.59 (0.13–2.61) |
| Hispanic | 22/29 (76) | 0.80 (0.32–1.97) | 0.94 (0.35–2.48) |
| Other | 9/16 (56) | 0.33 (0.12–0.92)* | 0.42 (0.14–1.31) |
| Age, mean y (S.D.) | 46.60 (8.44) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | -- |
| Annual income | |||
| <$50,000 | 73/102 (72) | 1.00 | -- |
| ≥$50,000 | 166/204 (81) | 1.74 (1.00–3.03) | |
| Education | |||
| No college degree | 102/136 (75) | 1.00 | -- |
| College degree | 137/170 (81) | 1.38 (0.80–2.38) | |
| Reside in urban area | |||
| No | 17/20 (85) | 1.00 | -- |
| Yes | 222/286 (78) | 0.61 (0.17–2.15) | |
| Relationship status | |||
| Unmarried or not living with partner | 122/160 (76) | 1.00 | -- |
| Married or living with partner | 117/146 (80) | 1.26 (0.73–2.17) | |
*
p<0.05
**
p≤0.001
HPV = human papillomavirus MSM = men who have sex with men PCP = primary care provider
A
4-point response scale, from nothing at all (coded as 1) to quite a lot (coded as 4)
B
4-point scale, from not at all (coded as 1) to quite a lot (coded as 4)
C
5-point scale, from no chance (coded as 1) to certain (coded as 5)
D
3-point scale, decreases chances (coded as 1), has no effect (coded as 2), or increases chances (coded as 3)
E
5-point scale, from strongly disagree (coded as 1) to strongly agree (coded as 5)
F
Cutoff for high-knowledge was ≥3/5 HPV knowledge items correct, based on median # correct for entire study