Table 7.

Coefficients estimating total life expectancy (years) – models C and D

	Model C			Model D
	FE	FE full	SFA	FE	FE full	SFA
Total physicians per 1,000 capita	0.061*	0.041*	0.007	0.047	0.039*	0.008
	(0.028)	(0.018)	(0.007)	(0.022)	(0.017)	(0.006)
YPLL from assaults per 100,000 capita	0.000	0.000	−0.000	0.001	0.000	−0.000
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
YPLL from self-harm per 100,000 capita	−0.002	0.001	−0.002	−0.002	0.001	0.000
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.001)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.002)
YPLL from transportation per 100,000 capita	−0.026*	−0.013	−0.002	−0.021*	−0.013	−0.002
	(0.009)	(0.007)	(0.001)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.001)
YPLL from alcohol use per 100,000 capita	−0.003*	−0.001	0.000	−0.001	−0.000	0.000
	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.001)
Calories consumed per capita per day (adjusted for average population height in cm)	0.048	0.002	−0.012	0.065	0.009	−0.022
	(0.025)	(0.034)	(0.012)	(0.038)	(0.034)	(0.012)
Percent of population (15 years and older) smoking daily	−0.025*	−0.004	0.002	−0.017*	−0.004	0.002
	(0.011)	(0.006)	(0.002)	(0.007)	(0.006)	(0.002)
Total (mobile + stationary) nitrogen dioxide (measured in cubic tons) per square mile of land	−0.008	0.018*	0.004	0.004	0.018*	0.003
	(0.009)	(0.006)	(0.003)	(0.007)	(0.006)	(0.003)
GDP per capita, PPP, deflated to 2005 dollars				0.038***	0.008	0.017**
				(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.006)
Year
1991		0.000			0.000
1992		0.000			0.000
1993		0.000			0.000
1994		0.000			0.000
1995		−0.029***			−0.027***
		(0.004)			(0.005)
1996		−0.026***			−0.024***
		(0.004)			(0.004)
1997		−0.023***			−0.022***
		(0.004)			(0.004)
1998		−0.021***			−0.019***
		(0.003)			(0.003)
1999		−0.017***			−0.016***
		(0.003)			(0.003)
2000		−0.015			−0.014***
		(0.002)			(0.002)
2001		−0.012			−0.011***
		(0.001)			(0.002)
2002		−0.011***			−0.010***
		(0.001)			(0.001)
2003		−0.010***			−0.009***
		(0.001)			(0.011)
2004		−0.006***			−0.006***
		(0.001)			(0.001)
2005		−0.004***			−0.004***
		(0.001)			(0.001)
2006		−0.002			−0.002
		(0.001)			(0.001)
2007		0.000			0.000
2008		0.000			0.000
2009		0.000			0.000
2010		0.000			0.000
Constant	4.579***	4.292***		3.952***	4.178***
	(0.219)	(0.153)		(0.193)	(0.173)
Observations	133	133	133	133	133	133
Adjusted R-squared	0.890	0.946		0.915	0.946

Note: FE = country fixed effects; FE Full = country and time fixed effects; SFA = stochastic frontier analysis; Smoking variable is lagged by 5 years; YPLL = Years of potential life lost; GDP = Gross Domestic Product; PPP = Purchasing Power Parities

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001