Table 2.
Children who bully others: Associations with child, parental, family, social and cultural factors.
| OR | 95% CI | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Child Characteristics | |||
| Positive social adjustment | 0.43 | 0.32;0.59 | <.0001 |
| Academic achievement | 0.39 | 0.23;0.67 | <.001 |
| Early aggression | 1.22 | 1.10;1.35 | <.001 |
| Youths’ attitudes towards delinquency | 1.07 | 1.00;1.13 | .04 |
| Parental Psychopathology | |||
| Parental antisocial behaviors | 2.13 | 1.29;3.51 | .003 |
| Parental substance use problems | 1.85 | 1.10;3.12 | .02 |
| Maternal depression | 2.20 | 1.12;4.31 | .02 |
| Family Processes | |||
| Harsh parental discipline | 2.32 | 1.67;3.21 | <.0001 |
| Positive parent-child relationship | 0.26 | 0.09;0.74 | .01 |
| Maternal acceptance and warmth | 0.21 | 0.12;0.37 | <.0001 |
| Parental monitoring | 0.89 | 0.82;0.97 | .007 |
| Good family functioning | 0.88 | 0.82;0.95 | .002 |
| Social Risks | |||
| Peer delinquency | 4.19 | 2.29;7.68 | <.0001 |
| Stressful life events | 1.22 | 1.07;1.39 | .004 |
| Negative school environment | 1.46 | 1.28;1.66 | <.0001 |
| Exposure to violence | 1.08 | 1.04;1.12 | <.0001 |
| Neighborhood characteristics | 1.01 | 0.99;1.03 | .42 |
| Cultural Factors | |||
| Parental cultural stress | 1.55 | 0.69;3.47 | .29 |
| Child cultural stress | 2.55 | 0.89;7.27 | .08 |
| Parental acculturation | 1.80 | 1.25;2.58 | .002 |
| Child acculturation | 1.60 | 1.02;2.49 | .04 |
| Parental familism | 0.76 | 0.47;1.21 | .24 |
| Child familism | 0.74 | 0.17;3.28 | .69 |
NOTES: Results of logistic regression models. Separate models were examined for each variable, with each model adjusted for gender, maternal education, poverty, single parent household, age, and site.