Table 3.
Bullying Others: Hierarchical models. (Models A, B, C, D, E, and F).
| Model A | Model B | Model C | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Predictors | OR[95% CI] | p | OR[95% CI] | p | OR[95% CI] | p |
| Site (NY = 1) | 4.62[2.70;7.91] | 0 | 4.11[2.34;7.21] | 0 | 3.89[2.17;6.69] | 0 |
| Child Characteristics | ||||||
| Positive social adjustment | --- | 0.54[0.39;0.75] | 0.0003 | 0.59[0.41;0.85] | 0.005 | |
| Academic achievement | --- | 0.40[0.23;0.71] | 0.002 | 0.35[0.20;0.61] | 0.0003 | |
| Early aggression | --- | 1.17[1.05;1.31] | 0.007 | 1.19[1.06;1.33] | 0.004 | |
| Attitudes towards delinquency | --- | 1.06[0.99;1.13] | 0.08 | 1.05[0.99;1.11] | 0.09 | |
| Parental Psychopathology | ||||||
| Parental antisocial behaviors | --- | --- | 2.25[1.08;4.67] | 0.03 | ||
| Parental substance use problems | --- | --- | 1.01[0.44;2.29] | 0.99 | ||
| Maternal depression | --- | --- | 1.47[0.72;3.02] | 0.29 | ||
| Model D | Model E | Model F | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Predictors | OR[95% CI] | p | OR[95% CI] | p | OR[95% CI] | p |
| Site (NY = 1) | 4.66[2.41;9.01 | 0 | 3.46[1.80;6.64] | 0.0003 | 0.68[0.21;2.23] | 0.52 |
| Child Characteristics | ||||||
| Positive social adjustment | 0.71[0.50;1.03] | 0.07 | 0.68[0.47;0.98] | 0.04 | 0.65[0.46;0.92] | 0.02 |
| Academic achievement | 0.35[0.20;0.61] | 0.0003 | 0.40[0.23;0.71] | 0.002 | 0.37[0.21;0.65] | 0.0006 |
| Early aggression | 1.16[1.03;1.30] | 0.01 | 1.14[1.00;1.31] | 0.05 | 1.13[0.99;1.29] | 0.07 |
| Attitudes towards delinquency | 1.03[0.97;1.08] | 0.36 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parental Psychopathology | ||||||
| Parental antisocial behaviors | 2.23[1.29;3.85] | 0.004 | 2.09[1.13;3.86] | 0.02 | 1.83[0.93;3.63] | 0.08 |
| Parental substance use problems | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Maternal depression | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Family Processes | ||||||
| Harsh Parental discipline | 1.72[1.12;2.63] | 0.01 | 1.95[1.31;2.90] | 0.001 | 2.13[1.38;3.29] | 0.0009 |
| Parent-child relationship (Youth report) | 0.56[0.13;2.43] | 0.44 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Positive parent-child relationship (Parent report) | 0.74[0.34;1.61] | 0.44 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parental monitoring | 1.01[0.92;1.11] | 0.8 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Good family functioning | 0.91[0.83;1.00] | 0.05 | 0.93[0.84;1.02] | 0.11 | 0.95[0.85;1.05] | 0.3 |
| Social Risks | ||||||
| Peer delinquency | 3.15[1.51;6.57] | 0.003 | 4.07[2.05;8.08] | 0.0001 | ||
| Stressful life events | 1.07[0.88;1.29] | 0.49 | --- | --- | ||
| Negative school environment | 1.33[1.12;1.58] | 0.001 | 1.38[1.14;1.66] | 0.001 | ||
| Exposure to violence | 1.03[1.00;1.07] | 0.08 | 1.05[1.01;1.08] | 0.007 | ||
| Cultural Factors | ||||||
| Parental Cultural Stress | 1.35[0.37;4.97] | 0.65 | ||||
| Youth Cultural Stress | 0.68[0.13;3.65] | 0.65 | ||||
| Parental Acculturation | 1.60[0.94;2.71] | 0.08 | ||||
| Child Acculturation | 2.29[1.25;4.18] | 0.008 | ||||
Note: The following predictors are tested in models D, E, and F: Child Characteristics, Parental Psychopathology, Family Processes, Social Risks, and Cultural Factors.
NOTE: Models adjusted for gender, maternal education, poverty, single parent household, age, and propensity scores.
Variables with p’s >.20 in models in Table 2b and in the preceding model were not included in the analyses.