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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Pediatr Rep. 2015 Apr 4;3(2):177–186. doi: 10.1007/s40124-015-0081-0

Table 1.

Measures of early micro- and macrovascular disease in type 1 diabetes

Outcome: Surrogate:
Atherosclerosis/macrovascular disease Arterial stiffness

  • Pulse wave velocity

  • Brachial distensibility

  • Augmentation index
Arterial thickness

  • Intima-media thickness

Arterial stenosis

  • Cardiac MRI

Diabetic nephropathy Glomerular filtration rate

  • Measured by iohexol-clearance using dried blood spots

  • Estimated by creatinine and cystatin C based equations (CKiD and Bouvet)
Diabetic retinopathy Retinal vascular geometry
Diabetic neuropathy Corneal confocal microscopy
Point-of-care nerve conduction
Nerve ultrasound
Cooling detection threshold