Table 4.

Association of dietary protein food clusters with bone mineral density (g/cm²) in 2,721 men and women from the Framingham Offspring Cohort

		Least squares means ± SE1 for bone mineral density by protein food group
Variable	n	Cluster 1 Chicken	Cluster 2 Fish	Cluster 3 Processed foods	Cluster 4 Red meat	Cluster 5 Low fat milk
Bone Mineral Density
Model 1 2
Femoral neck	2720	0.909 ± 0.005	0.910 ± 0.007	0.897 ± 0.004a	0.898 ± 0.005a	0.919 ± 0.007b
Trochanter	2720	0.772 ± 0.005	0.773 ± 0.007	0.765 ± 0.004	0.765 ± 0.005	0.778 ± 0.007
Total Femur	2720	0.956 ± 0.006	0.956 ± 0.007	0.948 ± 0.005	0.948 ± 0.005	0.964 ± 0.007
Lumbar Spine	2721	1.224 ± 0.009	1.208 ± 0.011	1.208 ± 0.008	1.212 ± 0.009	1.226 ± 0.011
Model 2 3
Femoral neck	2689	0.908 ± 0.006	0.911 ± 0.007	0.897 ± 0.005a	0.899 ± 0.006	0.920 ± 0.007b
Trochanter	2689	0.771 ± 0.005	0.774 ± 0.007	0.766 ± 0.004	0.765 ± 0.005	0.777 ± 0.007
Total Femur	2689	0.956 ± 0.006	0.957 ± 0.007	0.949 ± 0.005	0.949 ± 0.005	0.965 ± 0.007
Lumbar Spine	2690	1.223 ± 0.009	1.209 ± 0.011	1.208 ± 0.008	1.212 ± 0.009	1.223 ± 0.011

¹The analyses were adjusted for multiple comparisons using Tukeys test (different superscripts represent statistically significant differences at P<0.05).

²Adjusted for age, sex, estrogen status, BMI, height, total energy intake, current smoking status, energy adjusted alcohol intake, calcium supplement use, vitamin D supplement use

³Further adjusted for physical activity (measured by Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly)