Selection of functional AqpZ mutants. (A) Screening of a 96-well plate with yeast expressing AqpZ mutants, showing two wells with water-permeable AqpZ (arrows). Conversion of added reagents to orange colour indicates presence of viable cells; (B) Re-screening comparing yeast without AQP or expressing wild type AqpZ (WT), an inactive mutant (R189S) and several inactive/active mutants found; (C-F) Nine functional mutations (yellow), out of 160 mutants carrying 1–5 mutations each, shown on the structure of the AqpZ tetramer: view from (C) cytoplasmic and (D) extracellular side; (E,F) side view (E) and after removing two monomers (F). Results adapted from [60].