Table 1.

Sperm cells from control group (CG) or patient group (PG) at T_0, or incubated for 180 min in capacitating conditions in the absence (C) or presence of Asta 2 μM, PP2 6 μM or both (Asta + PP2), were analyzed for Tyr-P pattern (Supplementary Figure S2), acrosome-reacted cells (ARC) and viability (non-viable cells, NVC) by immunofluorescence cytochemistry (see Methods). Number of cells expressed as % of total number of cells showing Tyr-P in any part of cell body or in head, were detected and reported as Tyr-P cells and Tyr-P head, respectively. Percentages of cells undergoing acrosome reaction (ARC) or NVC were also reported. Values are expressed as means ± SD. ^† p < 0.01; ^†† p < 0.001; ^‡ p < 0.0001 comparison between various samples vs. C as reference; Student’s t-test for paired data. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001; *** p < 0.0001 comparison C vs. T₀; Student’s t-test for paired data.

Groups	Parameters	T0	C	Asta	PP2	Asta + PP2
CG	Tyr-P cells	95 ± 3	93 ± 4	94 ± 5	30 ± 6 ††	36 ± 7 ‡
	Tyr-P head	10 ± 2	63 ± 6 ***	67 ± 5	4 ± 2 ‡	5 ± 2 ‡
	ARC	16 ± 5	59 ± 7 ***	63 ± 6	5 ± 2 ‡	6 ± 1 ‡
	NVC	7 ± 5	9 ± 3	5 ± 2 †	69 ± 5 ‡	57 ± 7 ††
PG	Tyr-P cells	48 ± 6	57 ± 5	64 ± 5	24 ± 6 ‡	29 ± 5 ‡
	Tyr-P head	8 ± 2	19 ± 3 **	27 ± 3 ‡	2 ± 1 ‡	3 ± 1 ††
	ARC	10 ± 4	15 ± 4 **	31 ± 4 ‡	4 ± 2 ††	4 ± 1 ††
	NVC	13 ± 4	19 ± 2 *	12 ± 2 ††	65 ± 8 ‡	58 ± 4 ‡