Table 3.

Potential synergies with chemotherapy in in vitro and in vivo models.

Fucoidan Source	Chemotherapy	Model	Outcome	Concentration	Reference
Fucus evanescens	Etoposide	Human malignant lymphoid cell lines, MT-4 and Namalwa	Enhanced etoposide-induced caspase dependent cell death pathway in MT-4 but not Namalwa cell line	Presensitisation with 500 micrograms/mL fucoidan, prior to etopside treatment	Philchenkov et al. [64]
Cladosiphon sp. prepared by enzymatic digestion	Cisplatin, tamoxifen or paclitaxel	MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 breast cancer cells.	Down-regulation Bcl-xL Mcl-1. Decreased phosphorylation of ERK and Akt in MDA cells, increased phosphorylation of ERK in MCF-7 cells. Increased intracellular ROS, reduced glutathione (GSH)	Fucoidan extract at 200 and 400 micrograms/mL concurrently with chemotherapy drugs	Zhang et al. [63]
Unknown source or composition fucoidan preparation	Lapatinib	EGFR/ERBB2-amplified cancer cell lines	Synergistically inhibit OE33 but antagonized in ESO26, NCI-N87, and OE19	10 to 1000 micrograms/mL	Oh et al. [62]