TABLE.
Percentage of women aged 15–44 years who filled a prescription for an opioid from an outpatient pharmacy, by health care coverage type and year — United States, 2008–2012
| Characteristic | Privately insured | Medicaid-enrolled | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | Average 2008–2012* | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | Average 2008–2012* | |
| Total women † | 4,440,181 | 5,225,282 | 5,635,375 | 6,417,512 | 6,598,518 | 422,602 | 552,425 | 568,802 | 534,976 | 803,920 | ||
| Age group (yrs) | ||||||||||||
| 15–19 | 21.2 | 22.0 | 20.2 | 20.1 | 19.3 | 20.4 | 25.3 | 26.9 | 26.8 | 26.1 | 24.6 | 25.9 |
| 20–24 | 25.8 | 26.2 | 23.9 | 23.1 | 22.0 | 23.8 | 41.6 | 44.5 | 43.5 | 43.0 | 37.8 | 41.7 |
| 25–29 | 31.2 | 31.1 | 29.7 | 29.1 | 27.6 | 29.6 | 46.5 | 50.0 | 48.6 | 48.3 | 41.9 | 46.6 |
| 30–34 | 32.1 | 31.9 | 30.8 | 30.7 | 29.7 | 30.9 | 47.8 | 51.8 | 50.5 | 50.6 | 44.9 | 48.7 |
| 35–39 | 31.4 | 31.4 | 30.3 | 30.0 | 29.2 | 30.4 | 50.0 | 53.1 | 52.1 | 53.4 | 46.4 | 50.6 |
| 40–44 | 31.0 | 30.8 | 29.9 | 29.6 | 28.8 | 29.9 | 52.5 | 54.4 | 53.6 | 56.4 | 48.0 | 52.5 |
| Geographic region § | ||||||||||||
| Northeast | 22.6 | 22.4 | 21.5 | 22.0 | 21.0 | 21.8 | ||||||
| North central | 26.6 | 26.6 | 25.2 | 25.1 | 23.9 | 25.4 | ||||||
| South | 32.2 | 32.7 | 31.8 | 30.7 | 30.4 | 31.5 | ||||||
| West | 27.8 | 28.5 | 26.8 | 26.4 | 24.6 | 26.6 | ||||||
| Unknown | 24.4 | 23.5 | 22.1 | 28.9 | 27.6 | 27.3 | ||||||
| Race/Ethnicity ¶ | ||||||||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 49.2 | 49.7 | 48.1 | 45.7 | 42.1 | 46.4 | ||||||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 35.5 | 38.5 | 38.0 | 35.7 | 31.0 | 35.2 | ||||||
| Hispanic | 39.3 | 37.7 | 34.9 | 33.4 | 26.0 | 33.6 | ||||||
| Other race | 22.0 | 26.5 | 22.3 | 37.1 | 34.6 | 28.0 | ||||||
| Specific opioids ** | ||||||||||||
| Hydrocodone | 18.0 | 17.8 | 17.3 | 17.6 | 16.9 | 17.5 | 22.9 | 25.1 | 26.4 | 27.0 | 23.9 | 25.0 |
| Codeine | 7.2 | 7.9 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 10.9 | 11.7 | 9.6 | 9.1 | 7.1 | 9.4 |
| Oxycodone | 5.2 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 13.2 | 13.4 | 12.7 | 13.4 | 12.5 | 13.0 |
| Tramadol | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 6.8 | 7.9 | 8.5 | 9.7 | 8.9 | 8.5 |
| Propoxyphene†† | 3.9 | 3.3 | 2.7 | — | — | 1.8 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 5.4 | — | — | 3.3 |
| Hydromorphone | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
| Meperidine | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| Morphine | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| Buprenorphine | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
| Fentanyl | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 1.3 |
| Tapentadol | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Dihydrocodeine | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| Methadone | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Source: Truven Health’s MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters and Medicaid data.
*
The same woman might have been included in multiple years of data.
†
Continuously enrolled (member days ≥365) in a plan that includes prescription drug coverage.
§
Geographic region is not included in Truven Health’s Medicaid data.
¶
Race/ethnicity is not included in Truven Health’s Commercial Claims and Encounters data.
**
Not mutually exclusive; among prescriptions filled by at least 0.1% of privately insured or Medicaid-enrolled women on average each year during 2008–2012.
††
Discontinued after 2010.