TABLE 3.
Ranked proportions of sodium consumed by children aged 6–18 years* and mean sodium, energy, and sodium density intake,† by place obtained§ and age group among all participants and among those who consumed a school lunch or breakfast on any given day¶ — National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 2009–2010
| Place obtained | ||||||||||
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| Store | Restaurant with fast food/Pizza | Restaurant with waitstaff | Cafeteria at school | Other | ||||||
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| Participants/Age groups (yrs) | Value | (SE) | Value | (SE) | Value | (SE) | Value | (SE) | Value | (SE) |
| All participants | ||||||||||
| 6–18 (Overall, N = 2,266) | ||||||||||
| Proportion of sodium % | 65.1 | (1.4) | 13.0 | (0.7) | 4.9 | (0.6) | 9.1 | (1.3) | 7.8 | (0.6) |
| Mean sodium in mg | 2,135 | (52) | 426 | (26) | 162 | (22) | 299 | (47) | 257 | (17) |
| Mean energy in kcal | 1,346 | (24) | 231 | (12) | 92 | (12) | 179 | (24) | 169 | (11) |
| Mean sodium density, mg/1,000 kcal | 1,558 | (18) | 1,843 | (52) | 1,818 | (45) | 1,636 | (50) | 1,364 | (56) |
| 6–10 (n = 943) | ||||||||||
| Proportion of sodium % | 64.3 | (2.1) | 10.9 | (1.1) | 5.4 | (1.1) | 11.7 | (1.4)** | 7.6 | (1.1) |
| Mean sodium in mg | 1,868 | (68) | 318 | (35) | 157 | (32) | 340 | (39) | 221 | (31) |
| Mean energy in kcal | 1,206 | (37) | 171 | (18) | 86 | (17) | 217 | (23) | 165 | (20) |
| Mean sodium density, mg/1,000 kcal | 1,531 | (21) | 1,863 | (67) | 1,915 | (81) | 1,528 | (42) | 1,134 | (43)*** |
| 11–13 (n = 509) | ||||||||||
| Proportion of sodium % | 67.6 | (1.8) | 10.8 | (1.0) | 3.8 | (0.9) | 8.9 | (1.6) | 9.0 | (1.0) |
| Mean sodium in mg | 2,160 | (72) | 345 | (36) | 120 | (32) | 283 | (53) | 286 | (29) |
| Mean energy in kcal | 1,354 | (36) | 197 | (19) | 76 | (24) | 172 | (28) | 185 | (19) |
| Mean sodium density, mg/1,000 kcal | 1,592 | (16)†† | 1,873 | (147) | 1,618 | (157) | 1,617 | (95) | 1,691 | (218) |
| 14–18 (n = 814) | ||||||||||
| Proportion of sodium % | 64.5 | (2.1) | 15.5 | (1.4)§§ | 5.2 | (0.6) | 7.4 | (1.8) | 7.5 | (1.2) |
| Mean sodium in mg | 2,367 | (110) | 569 | (58) | 190 | (24) | 271 | (72) | 274 | (42) |
| Mean energy in kcal | 1,471 | (44) | 305 | (25) | 107 | (14) | 147 | (36) | 165 | (20) |
| Mean sodium density, mg/1,000 kcal | 1,564 | (46) | 1,817 | (76) | 1,802 | (78) | 1,828 | (63)¶¶ | 1,396 | (98) |
| Participants who consumed a school meal on their 24-hour dietary recall day | ||||||||||
| 6–18 (n = 568) | ||||||||||
| Proportion of sodium % | 56.8 | (2.2) | 8.9 | (1.1) | 3.0 | (0.7) | 26.0 | (2.2) | 5.3 | (1.4) |
| Mean sodium in mg | 1,902 | (109) | 297 | (39) | 102 | (26) | 871 | (89) | 177 | (48) |
| Mean energy in kcal | 1,223 | (48) | 164 | (20) | 56 | (12) | 507 | (47) | 102 | (22) |
| Mean sodium density, mg/1,000 kcal | 1,589 | (57) | 1,800 | (94) | 1,945 | (162) | 1,705 | (38) | 1,619 | (241) |
| 6–10 (n = 228) | ||||||||||
| Proportion of sodium % | 55.3 | (3.7) | 6.4 | (1.0) | —††† | — | 29.0 | (2.0) | 4.4 | (0.8) |
| Mean sodium in mg | 1,702 | (115) | 196 | (31) | — | — | 892 | (62) | 136 | (23) |
| Mean energy in kcal | 1,059 | (64) | 111 | (19) | — | — | 542 | (40) | 87 | (18) |
| Mean sodium density, mg/1,000 kcal | 1,588 | (69) | 1,883 | (110) | — | — | 1,636 | (51) | 1,472 | (156) |
| 11–13 (n = 157) | ||||||||||
| Proportion of sodium % | 57.6 | (2.2) | 8.4 | (2.1) | — | — | 26.9 | (2.4) | — | — |
| Mean sodium in mg | 1,790 | (113) | 260 | (70) | — | — | 838 | (70) | — | — |
| Mean energy in kcal | 1,195 | (66) | 137 | (34) | — | — | 514 | (38) | — | — |
| Mean sodium density, mg/1,000 kcal | 1,516 | (59) | 1,901 | (107) | — | — | 1,632 | (73) | — | — |
| 14–18 (n = 183) | ||||||||||
| Proportion of sodium % | 57.6 | (4.4) | 11.1 | (2.1) | 2.2 | (0.5) | 23.2 | (4.1) | — | — |
| Mean sodium in mg | 2,161 | (234) | 416 | (87) | 84 | (21) | 870 | (195) | — | — |
| Mean energy in kcal | 1,396 | (118) | 231 | (44) | 41 | (12) | 470 | (97) | — | — |
| Mean sodium density, mg/1,000 kcal | 1,635 | (131) | 1,688 | (155) | 2,161 | (156)§§§ | 1,854 | (53)¶¶ | — | — |
Abbreviation: SE = standard error.
The proportion (%) of sodium consumed is defined as the sum of the amount of sodium consumed from each specific food category for all participants divided by the sum of sodium consumed from all food categories for all participants multiplied by 100. All estimates use 24-hour dietary recall, take into account the complex sampling design, and use dietary day 1 sample weights to account for nonresponse and weekend/weekday recalls.
A measure that accounts for differences in the amount of calories consumed from foods obtained from each source, defined as mg of sodium/1,000 kcal.
Place obtained was analyzed from responses to the question, “Where did you get this (most of the ingredients for this) [food name]?” Sources other than those shown were combined under “other” and included “from someone else/gift” (4.9% population proportion), and 19 other sources (e.g., vending machine), including “missing,” “do not know,” and “other/specify” (<1%).
Analyzed separately were the responses of 568 children (with a weekday dietary recall) who met the following criteria: “now attending school” and “usually get a complete school lunch” or a “school breakfast” five times a week.
Differences in population proportions compared with children aged 11–13 years and 14–18 years, T-tests, p<0.05.
Statistically significant difference in sodium density compared with children aged 6–10 years, by t-tests, p=0.02.
Statistically significant difference in population proportions compared with children aged 6–10 years and 11–13 years, by t-tests, p<0.05.
Statistically significant difference in mean sodium consumed per 1,000 kcal compared with children aged 6–10 years and 11–13 years, by t-tests, p<0.05.
Statistically significant difference in mean sodium consumed per 1,000 kcal compared with children aged 11–13 years and 14–18 years, by t-tests, p<0.05.
Estimates not reported, data are statistically unreliable, relative standard error ≥30%.
Statistically significant difference in mean sodium consumed per 1,000 kcal compared with children aged 11–13 years, by t-tests, p<0.05.