TABLE 1.
Percentage of nonsmokers with serum cotinine levels 0.05–10 ng/mL, by selected demographic characteristics — National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 1999–2012
| Characteristic | 1999–2000 | 2003–2004 | 2007–2008 | 2011–2012 | Relative % decline* (1999–2000 to 2011–2012) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| % | (95% CI) | % | (95% CI) | % | (95% CI) | % | (95% CI) | ||
| Total | 52.5 | (47.1–57.9) | 47.6 | (40.4–54.9) | 40.1 | (35.0–45.3) | 25.3 | (22.5–28.1) | 51.8 |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 58.5 | (52.1–64.9) | 51.9 | (44.3–59.5) | 43.5 | (37.5–49.4) | 27.7 | (24.7–30.6) | 52.6 |
| Female | 47.5 | (42.5–52.5) | 44.2 | (36.8–51.6) | 37.4 | (32.6–42.2) | 23.3 | (20.4–26.3) | 50.9 |
| Age group (yrs) | |||||||||
| 3–11 | 64.9 | (56.0–73.9) | 64.8 | (55.5–74.2) | 53.6 | (46.2–61.0) | 40.6 | (34.0–47.2) | 37.4 |
| 12–19 | 63.1 | (56.4–69.7) | 57.1 | (50.3–63.9) | 46.5 | (38.3–54.8) | 33.8 | (28.2–39.4) | 46.4 |
| ≥20 | 48.0 | (42.6–53.4) | 42.4 | (35.1–49.8) | 36.7 | (32.0–41.3) | 21.3 | (18.6–24.0) | 55.6 |
| Race/Ethnicity † | |||||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 49.8 | (42.9–56.7) | 46.0 | (36.8–55.3) | 40.1 | (32.2–48.0) | 21.8 | (18.6–24.9) | 56.2 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 73.8 | (69.6–77.9) | 68.0 | (60.0–75.9) | 55.9 | (50.6–61.3) | 46.8 | (38.0–55.6) | 36.6 |
| Mexican American | 44.3 | (37.4–51.1) | 34.0 | (25.5–42.5) | 28.5 | (23.1–33.9) | 23.9 | (16.3–31.4) | 46.0 |
| Poverty status | |||||||||
| <Poverty level | 71.6 | (64.8–78.5) | 63.6 | (55.0–72.2) | 60.5 | (55.0–66.0) | 43.2 | (37.3–49.0) | 39.7 |
| ≥Poverty level | 48.8 | (42.8–54.8) | 44.8 | (37.7–52.0) | 36.9 | (31.3–42.5) | 21.2 | (18.8–23.6) | 56.6 |
| Unspecified | 53.5 | (48.4–58.6) | 50.5 | (36.4–64.6) | 39.6 | (30.8–48.5) | 31.7 | (22.8–40.5) | 40.7 |
| Education (age ≥25 yrs) | |||||||||
| ≤Grade 11 | 53.9 | (48.7–59.0) | 48.8 | (42.9–54.8) | 45.1 | (39.3–50.9) | 27.6 | (23.0–32.2) | 48.8 |
| High school diploma or equivalent | 51.6 | (44.5–58.6) | 50.1 | (39.8–60.4) | 41.4 | (33.2–49.7) | 27.5 | (21.2–33.7) | 46.7 |
| Some college or associate degree | 48.2 | (40.8–55.6) | 42.7 | (32.1–53.4) | 37.6 | (30.9–44.2) | 21.2 | (17.5–24.9) | 56.0 |
| ≥College diploma | 35.2 | (27.5–43.0) | 29.8 | (23.2–36.3) | 22.0 | (17.2–26.7) | 11.8 | (9.1–14.4) | 66.5 |
| Own or rent home | |||||||||
| Own | 45.8 | (39.3–52.3) | 43.5 | (35.4–51.6) | 35.5 | (29.4–41.6) | 19.0 | (16.1–22.0) | 58.5 |
| Rent | 68.1 | (61.6–74.6) | 57.4 | (50.8–64.0) | 52.7 | (48.7–56.7) | 36.8 | (32.3–41.3) | 46.0 |
Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval.
*
All declines statistically significant at p<0.05.
†
Because of the sample design, analyses of data by race/ethnicity were limited to the three racial/ethnic populations available across all survey cycles (non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans).