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. 2015 Sep 16;9:354. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00354

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Copyright © 2015 Bardehle, Rafalski and Akassoglou.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The coagulation and proteolytic cascades at the neurovascular interface. (A) Fibrinogen leakage in the central nervous system (CNS) and activation of the plasminogen activation (PA) system occur following blood-brain-barrier (BBB) disruption. The molecular network of fibrin and the PA system enable inflammation and neurodegeneration via activation of microglia, macrophages, and leukocytes. (B) A series of proteolytic events converts extravasated fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, which can be cleaved into FDPs. Fibrin and FDPs interact with cellular receptors to induce inflammation, degeneration, and repair inhibition in the nervous system. tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; FDPs, fibrin degradation products.