Figure 1.

Pathways of autophagy. Autophagy can deliver cytosolic components to lysosomes for degradation via three different pathways. In chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), proteins having a KFERQ-like motif are translocated into the lysosome via the LAMP-2A transporter, with the help of Hsp70 chaperones. Microautophagy involves the sequestration of substrates via the invagination of the lysosomal membrane, while in macroautophagy, the substrates are engulfed in a double membrane vesicle, called autophagosome, which subsequently fuses with the lysosome to deliver its content for degradation.