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P–V loop: comparison of volume-averaged left ventricular pressure from the Navier–Stokes equations (solid line) with the pressure obtained from the lumped parameter model (dotted line). (A) Normal heart with SR activation; (B) normal heart with LBBB activation; (C) failing heart with SR activation; (D) failing heart with LBBB activation. SR, sinus rhythm; LBBB, left bundle branch block.
