Table 5.
Fixed-effect estimates of LMM for SFDs, comparing silent and oral reading.
| Estimate | SE | t-value | Estimate | SE | t-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean oral SFD | 5.514 | 0.021 | 266.02 | Δ (s – o SFD) | -0.221 | 0.029 | -7.62 | |
| N-1 length | Linear | -0.812 | 1.365 | -0.60 | Δ (s – o) N-1-length | 5.565 | 1.622 | 3.43 |
| Quadratic | 1.874 | 0.599 | 3.13 | -0.613 | 0.648 | -0.95 | ||
| N-1 frequency | Linear | -0.340 | 1.177 | -0.29 | Δ (s – o)-N-1 frequency | 3.613 | 1.169 | 3.09 |
| Quadratic | -2.683 | 0.627 | -4.28 | 2.537 | 0.645 | 3.94 | ||
| N-1 predictability | Linear | 0.601 | 0.554 | 1.09 | Δ (s – o)-N-1 predictor | -0.767 | 0.649 | -1.18 |
| Quadratic | 0.388 | 0.556 | 0.70 | 0.083 | 0.628 | 0.13 | ||
| N length | Linear | 7.583 | 1.564 | 4.85 | Δ (s – o)-N length | -4.165 | 1.597 | -2.61 |
| Quadratic | -0.190 | 0.613 | -0.31 | 2.011 | 0.672 | 2.99 | ||
| N frequency | Linear | -0.897 | 1.617 | -0.55 | Δ (s – o)-) N frequency | 2.284 | 1.648 | 1.39 |
| Quadratic | 5.156 | 0.701 | 7.36 | 0.098 | 0.737 | 0.13 | ||
| Cubic | -2.667 | 0.663 | -4.02 | 1.478 | 0.682 | 2.17 | ||
| N predictability | Linear | -2.970 | 1.052 | -2.82 | Δ (s – o)-N predictor | 0.071 | 0.807 | 0.09 |
| Quadratic | 1.760 | 0.602 | 2.93 | -0.041 | 0.617 | -0.07 | ||
| N+1 length | Linear | 0.954 | 0.900 | 1.06 | Δ (s – o)- N+1 length | -0.757 | 1.021 | -0.74 |
| Quadratic | -2.717 | 0.571 | -4.76 | 1.657 | 0.629 | 2.63 | ||
| N+1 frequency | Linear | -3.244 | 0.944 | -3.44 | Δ (s – o)-N+1 frequency | -1.215 | 1.061 | -1.15 |
| Quadratic | 0.631 | 0.576 | 1.10 | -0.926 | 0.649 | -1.43 | ||
| N+1 predictability | Linear | 1.138 | 0.568 | 2.01 | Δ (s – o)-N+1 predictor | 1.587 | 0.627 | 2.53 |
| Quadratic | 1.710 | 0.554 | 3.09 | 0.122 | 0.606 | 0.20 | ||
| launch site distance | Linear | 11.128 | 0.546 | 20.40 | Δ (s – o)-launch site distance | 3.475 | 1.075 | 3.23 |
| Quadratic | 1.965 | 0.436 | 4.51 | 1.694 | 0.883 | 1.92 | ||
| landing site | Linear | 11.547 | 0.623 | 18.53 | Δ (s – o)-landing site | -4.571 | 0.994 | -4.60 |
| Quadratic | -1.803 | 0.532 | -3.39 | -2.259 | 0.858 | -2.63 | ||
| saccade size | Linear | 12.684 | 0.552 | 22.97 | Δ (s – o)-saccade size | -8.372 | 0.789 | -10.61 |
| Quadratic | 2.484 | 0.421 | 5.90 | 0.690 | 0.684 | 1.01 | ||
| N-frequency × N-1 freq | Linear | 3.962 | 0.444 | 8.93 | Δ (s – o)-N- frequency × N-1 frequency | -1.289 | 0.464 | -2.78 |
| Quadratic | 1.650 | 0.440 | 3.75 | -0.250 | 0.442 | -0.57 | ||
| Cubic | -1.121 | 0.439 | -2.55 | 0.444 | 0.449 | 0.99 | ||
| N-frequency × N+1 freq | Linear | 1.461 | 0.431 | 3.39 | Δ (s – o)- N-frequency × N+1 frequency | -0.705 | 0.462 | -1.53 |
| Quadratic | 1.234 | 0.484 | 2.55 | -0.068 | 0.508 | -0.13 | ||
| Cubic | 0.561 | 0.490 | 1.15 | -0.543 | 0.514 | -1.06 | ||
| N-1 length × launch site distance | -0.075 | 0.011 | -6.67 | Δ (s – o)- N-1 length × launch site distance | -0.070 | 0.019 | -3.75 |
Reading condition was specified as a treatment contrast with oral reading as reference. Therefore, main-effect coefficients in the left four columns represent mean and covariate effects (slopes) for oral reading; coefficients in the right four columns represent corresponding differences between oral and silent conditions (i.e., interactions between reading condition and covariate; differences in slopes between conditions). Thus, the sum of corresponding coefficients yields the effects for silent reading. Example: D (s – o) N-1-length: partial-effect estimate of difference between silent and oral condition for slopes associated with length of last word. Bold values indicate significant contrasts.