Table 2.
Measures of T cell function in response to Con A in participants in the maltodextrin and Synergy1 groups.
| Maltodextrin group | Synergy1 group | P* | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ConA | Week 4 | Week 6 | Week 8 | Week 4 | Week 6 | Week 8 | Group | Time | Group × Time | |||
| T Cell Activation | ||||||||||||
| % CD3+CD4+CD69+ (%) | − | 14.9 (12.6) | 12.5 (9.6) | 11.5 (8.1) | 13.5 (6.2) | 15.1 (6.4) | 14.9 (9.5) | 0.357 | 0.884 | 0.439 | ||
| CD69 MFI | − | 45.4 (11.7) | 40.1 (10.7) | 38.7 (11.5) | 45.5 (13.8) | 43.3 (10.0) | 39.6 (9.8) | 0.506 | 0.049 | 0.817 | ||
| % CD3+CD4+CD69+ (%) | + | 57.4 (16.1) | 55.9 (11.9) | 53.3 (16.1) | 55.7 (12.6) | 52.5 (13.1) | 50.6 (14.1) | 0.312 | 0.347 | 0.964 | ||
| CD69 MFI | + | 101.0 (48.4) | 91.9 (33.0) | 88.5 (31.7) | 92.3 (27.5) | 88.4 (25.6) | 82.9 (26.5) | 0.326 | 0.335 | 0.939 | ||
| T Cell Proliferation | ||||||||||||
| % Proliferating cells (%) | − | 17.8 (21.9) | 11.6 (5.5) | 15.7 (17.9) | 16.5 (19.6) | 13.1 (14.1) | 13.7 (16.3) | 0.364 | 0.774 | 0.483 | ||
| CFSE MFI | − | 736.8 (316.5) | 803.2 (233.2) | 661.3 (444.1) | 773.1 (292.9) | 778.2 (299.9) | 815.2 (335.6) | 0.862 | 0.464 | 0.898 | ||
| % Proliferating cells (%) | + | 66.4 (24.3) | 76.6 (15.4) | 64.9 (26.6) | 69.2 (23.9) | 73.2 (20.5) | 69.4 (25.1) | 0.609 | 0.516 | 0.542 | ||
| CFSE MFI | + | 285.4 (326.9) | 168.3 (84.9) | 258.3 (345.1) | 220.2 (163.5) | 214.8 (243.1) | 208.1 (158.5) | 0.769 | 0.280 | 0.746 | ||
| T cell cytokine production (pg/ml) | ||||||||||||
| IL-2 | − | 2.1 (1.4) | 1.9 (0.9) | 1.7 (0.7) | 1.9 (0.6) | 2.1 (1.9) | 1.9 (1.1) | 0.887 | 0.629 | 0.674 | ||
| IL-4 | − | 2.1 (1.0) | 2.0 (0.9) | 1.9 (1.0) | 1.6 (0.5) | 1.6 (0.4) | 1.6 (0.7) | 0.005 | 0.905 | 0.768 | ||
| IL-6 | − | 3036 (3337) | 2112 (2275) | 2323 (3058) | 2639 (3145) | 3856 (3415) | 3108 (2937) | 0.212 | 0.926 | 0.299 | ||
| IL-10 | − | 16.2 (10.1) | 12.9 (9.4) | 23.9 (46.9) | 18.3 (18.5) | 24.7 (23.2) | 24.9 (37.3) | 0.319 | 0.471 | 0.625 | ||
| TNF-α | − | 37.3 (31.0) | 42.9 (76.1) | 41.7 (43.3) | 22.7 (16.8) | 60.7 (63.9) | 64.9 (75.3) | 0.384 | 0.113 | 0.257 | ||
| IFN-γ | − | 6.4 (4.4) | 4.4 (2.3) | 4.1 (1.3) | 4.6 (2.3) | 11.1 (23.6) | 3.7 (0.6) | 0.400 | 0.216 | 0.117 | ||
| IL-2 | + | 97.2 (81.1) | 85.7 (81.2) | 63.4 (48.7) | 109.8 (68.5) | 73.7 (55.3) | 86.2 (66.1) | 0.525 | 0.125 | 0.493 | ||
| IL-4 | + | 12.2 (9.1) | 11.9 (9.7) | 10.1 (7.9) | 10.8 (15.0) | 6.3 (3.8) | 6.5 (3.1) | 0.032 | 0.249 | 0.563 | ||
| IL-6 | + | 7235 (5105) | 4913 (4058) | 4588 (6110) | 8310 (3876) | 6003 (4371) | 8944 (5095) | 0.032 | 0.173 | 0.304 | ||
| IL-10 | + | 76.2 (42.7) | 74.2 (66.2) | 75.1 (91.8) | 92.7 (75.4) | 83.1 (119.8) | 69.1 (36.1) | 0.639 | 0.764 | 0.795 | ||
| TNF- α | + | 333.9 (232.6) | 270.3 (229.6) | 271.5 (261.7) | 434.4 (449.1) | 388.9 (414.0) | 486.5 (439.5) | 0.024 | 0.740 | 0.730 | ||
| IFN-γ | + | 1056 (1029) | 663 (732) | 724 (985) | 2081 (3127) | 1604 (2887) | 1754 (2006) | 0.007 | 0.594 | 0.994 | ||
| Th1/Th2 Ratioa | ||||||||||||
| − | 3.1 (1.7) | 2.5 (1.2) | 2.4 (0.6) | 3.1 (1.4) | 6.8 (12.8) | 2.5 (0.5) | 0.140 | 0.184 | 0.135 | |||
| + | 151.3 (222.4) | 102.5 (177.3) | 83.4 (97.7) | 248.4 (282.4) | 181.5 (211.8) | 297.3 (369.6) | 0.004 | 0.513 | 0.397 | |||
Data are mean (SD) for n = 21 in the maltodextrin group and n = 22 in the Synergy1 group.
*Value for P from two-factor ANOVA (fixed factors: group, time).
aCalculated using the concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-4.
IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MFI, median fluorescence intensity; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.