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. 2015 Aug 21;9:228. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00228

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Copyright © 2015 Bisio, Avanzino, Lagravinese, Biggio, Ruggeri and Bove.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Experimental protocol. (A) Timeline. The kinematics of finger opposition movements were tested before (PRE) and 30 min after (POST) each conditioning protocol by mean of a sensor-engineered glove. (B) Conditioning protocols. The experiment consisted of four conditioning protocols. During Action Observation-Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (AO-PNS) 311 electrical stimulations of the median nerve of the right wrist were administered to the participant while she/he was observing a video showing finger opposition movements paced at 3 Hz: opposition of thumb to index, medium, ring and little fingers. The electrical stimulation was delivered during the thumb-index closing phase. Action Observation (AO), Peripheral Nerve electrical Stimulation (PNS) and LANDSCAPE observation alone were here considered as control conditions. During AO and PNS the subjects either observed the same video (AO group) or received the same electrical stimulation (PNS group) of the AO-PNS group. During LANDSCAPE observation (LANDSCAPE group) participants looked at the computer screen where a sequence of landscape images alternated.