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. 2015 Sep 22;5:14159. doi: 10.1038/srep14159

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The increase in ξ(l) indicates the increase in disjoining pressure (Eq. 4), which limits the extent of the precursor film. The frozen water droplet images shown in the inset for the flat Si and the PTFE surfaces complement this relation. The large extent of the precursor film causes a significant increase in dissipation.