The age-dependent effects of chronic caffeine on fear conditioning (n = 8). No concentration of chronic caffeine tested affected baseline or CS freezing in any age group (A-C). In adolescent and pre-adolescent mice only, chronic caffeine at 1.0 mg/mL enhanced contextual fear conditioning, yet chronic caffeine at 3.0 mg/mL produced deficits in contextual fear conditioning (B and C). Chronic caffeine at 1.0 mg/mL increased pre-CS freezing in adolescent mice only (B) and chronic caffeine at 3.0 mg/mL decreased pre-CS freezing in pre-adolescent mice only (C). Error bars indicate SEM, (*) indicates p < 0.05, (**) indicates p < 0.01, and (***) indicates p < 0.001 compared to water treated mice from each respective age group.