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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: Lab Invest. 2015 Jul 6;95(10):1145–1156. doi: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.77

Liver sections from the DEN-injected wild type and galectin 3^−/− mice were stained by H&E (A). HCC from the wild type (WT) mice exhibited more invasive properties with spindle-shaped cells whereas tumors from galectin3^−/− mice had a more differentiated phenotype (nl-normal, tu-tumor tissue. Vascular invasion was observed in WT tumors,(arrows). Bar=100 μm. The foci of vascular invasion were counted in 5 fields from each animal (B). The wt mice showed significant more foci compared to the knockout mice (**p<0.01, N=4). RT-PCR was conducted to measure the mRNA of e-cadherin and vimentin (C, D). The wt tumors expressed a significant higher level of e-cadherin (*p<0.05, N=4)) and a lower level of vimentin, suggesting a high invasive phenotype compared to the galectin 3^−/− tumors. Immunofluorescent staining was done on the frozen sections to detect e-cadherin (E). Consistent with the PCR data, the wt tumor showed lower expression of e-cadherin. Bar=50 μm.

The frozen sections were also stained for Ki67 and active caspase 3 (F). The positive cells were counted in 5 fields from each animal. The wt tumors showed more Ki67⁺ cells and less active caspase 3⁺ cells (*p<0.05).

Liver sections from the DEN-injected wild type and galectin 3^−/− mice were stained by H&E (A). HCC from the wild type (WT) mice exhibited more invasive properties with spindle-shaped cells whereas tumors from galectin3^−/− mice had a more differentiated phenotype (nl-normal, tu-tumor tissue. Vascular invasion was observed in WT tumors,(arrows). Bar=100 μm. The foci of vascular invasion were counted in 5 fields from each animal (B). The wt mice showed significant more foci compared to the knockout mice (**p<0.01, N=4). RT-PCR was conducted to measure the mRNA of e-cadherin and vimentin (C, D). The wt tumors expressed a significant higher level of e-cadherin (*p<0.05, N=4)) and a lower level of vimentin, suggesting a high invasive phenotype compared to the galectin 3^−/− tumors. Immunofluorescent staining was done on the frozen sections to detect e-cadherin (E). Consistent with the PCR data, the wt tumor showed lower expression of e-cadherin. Bar=50 μm.

The frozen sections were also stained for Ki67 and active caspase 3 (F). The positive cells were counted in 5 fields from each animal. The wt tumors showed more Ki67⁺ cells and less active caspase 3⁺ cells (*p<0.05).