Figure 4.

Artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) for activation of T cells. (A) aAPCs composed of an iron nanoparticle core and dextran shell conjugated with stimulatory molecules induced clustering of T-cell receptors (TCRs) under magnetic field; (B) TCR clustering was visualized by fluorescence imaging. Green, lymphocyte marker on T cells; red: aAPCs; magenta: CD3ε on T cells; (C) Proliferation of T cells was enhanced by aAPC-induced TCR clustering in vitro. Reproduced with permission [95].